Cornell University

Me preg checking a cow that was just dried off.

It’s easy these days to overlook the world around us.  When we become so focused on our day-to-day lives, skim our surroundings, often the convenience of everyday items are taken for granted.  But, there’s a relentless ability many of us gradually lose overtime:  the power to ask how.  Start with the kitchen and look in your fridge: how do eggs make it there without breaking?  How come bananas have don’t have seeds?  How does a pineapple grow?  How do they make pasta comes in so many different shapes? I’ll confess, I’m guilty on several counts of failing to wonder how.  If you’ve ever spent a few minutes with a 6-year-old child, the power of asking how can quickly escalate into questioning your very existence in the universe.  But while we grow up and make the transition into adulthood a certain point is reached, and for many of us, this is when we stop asking how. Instead, we become very irritated when these everyday food items are not available, with little consideration of what goes into their production.

Mel castrating a bull calf.

Prior to my internship at Van Ryssel Dairy, I had to come up with a list of what I anticipated to learn from my experience.  As would be expected of a pre-vet, my list consisted of mostly ideas that pertained mostly to large animal veterinary practice. I wasn’t let down, and in just two months the amount of practice and experience with treating animals was incredible and extent of the information I took in at times was almost overwhelming. But what really sticks out in my mind when I look over the past few months of my internship at Van Ryssel Dairy, was the realization that even though I have consumed dairy products my entire life I was amazed and a bit embarrassed about how little I actually knew about milk production. And furthermore, I’ll admit, I learned that I grew up my entire life, unknowingly, literally five minutes away from the dairy farm I interned on.  While it’s clear that veterinary medicine cannot be overlooked as an important aspect of a dairy, I also saw that it is also just a small part of the entire dairy industry.

Cara between shifts in the break room

This year I’m graduating from Cornell. When I get asked what I am majoring in, I say I’m studying Agriculture Sciences.  But the truth is, we are all in agriculture.  If you are asking yourself right now “how can we all be in agriculture when something like 1% of all Americans actually still farm today?”, you are on the right track by asking how.  Regardless of whether you grew up on a farm or you are you are an agriculture professor, or maybe your from a big city and haven’t taken any agriculture classes at all, we are all in it.  The point I’m trying to get across here, is that at some point yesterday, today, and tomorrow you will eat.  And just by the act of eating alone, without physically growing your own crops or raising livestock, you have become a part of agriculture.  It doesn’t matter how far you live from the farm.  It is important to realize that we all have a responsibility to stop before we take the next bite and ask how.  I can promise you, you will be absolutely amazed with what you find out. There are a lot of misunderstandings and misconceptions that exist all the way from the farm to the grocery store.  In my opinion simply asking how is the most basic way of studying agriculture and becoming a more educated consumer.

Peter (middle) with the vets on herd health day.

As it is my last post for my 2010 summer internship, I would like to thank Peter, Frank, Mel, Michaela, Rosalie, Cara, and Alex for a phenomenal summer at the dairy.  I would also like to extend a thank-you to Neil and Rosalie Van Ryssel for allowing me to work on their farm.  I look forward to returning in January.

The vets arrive every second Tuesday morning.

It’s 7:42 a.m. Tuesday morning. You slept through your alarm, half way to work you realize you forgot your coffee on the kitchen table, and by looking in the rear view window you see that your hair is a mess.  At 8:07 a.m. you arrive at work seven minutes late.  A bad start to the day, and at some point we have all had at least one or two, or so we think.

The vets.

Let’s start again but this time as a cow. It’s 7:42 a.m. Tuesday morning.  You’ve just barely lied down after being milked, you haven’t had a chance to taste the fresh silage in front of you yet, the vet spots your ear tag and it matches the number on the list.  At 8:07 a.m. with your head in the head-gate you consider urinating, but no need the vet has already done that for by putting pressure on your bladder while he rectally palpates during your pregnancy check.   Congratulations, your 28 days in and eight more months to go.

Herd health is a fundamental aspect in maximizing production in any dairy operation and requires cooperation between the farmer and the farm veterinarian.  The role and the procedures used by the veterinarian in large animal practice has transformed as animal agriculture has advanced overtime.  It’s not just about treating sick cows anymore.  In fact, the vet rarely does the on-farm treatments.  Giving daily needles, pills, wrapping legs, or drenching cows is all done by the farmer.

Alex, the clean-up bull.

So what does the vet do then?  On a dairy farm, knowing who is pregnant, who can be bred, knowing who is where in their 21-day cycle, and knowing who is cystic (meaning they have a cyst on one or both of their ovaries) is very valuable information in ensuring the reproductive side of things is running smoothly.  The vets are also critical in giving input when making management decisions, coming up with many preventative measures, and of course surgical procedures like a cesarean section for example.

This cow broke through a fence and got herself stuck in a pile of mud.

“Preg checks” are a large part of what is included in the biweekly herd health.  The vets at Van Ryssel Dairy use portable ultra-sound backpacks for preg checking. The image forms on the pair of glasses they wear over their eyes. It is possible to successfully preg check this way at 28 days as opposed to the standard method of rectal palpation where the animal can be successfully preg checked at 45 days.  As you can see, the ultra-sound method can tell you about half a month earlier who needs to be bred again by artificial insemination, which is extremely advantageous.  There is one bull kept on farm, Alex, who is the clean-up bull used to ensure those cows not able to be bred by artificial insemination are pregnant by natural means.

My ride at work. The attachment on the front of this tractor is specialized for grabbing bales of hay or straw.

The drive to the dairy.

The key to milking is sanitation.  Everything from the milking machines, to the bedding after milking, to the cow’s teats has to be clean to ensure quality milk and to prevent infections in the animals such as mastitis (a common bacterial infection of the teat).  At Van Ryssel Dairy the cows are milked twice daily.  The morning milking is at 5:00 a.m. (and trust me, the cows think this is early too) and the afternoon is at 4:00 p.m..   There are approximately 125 milking cows in the herd and the parlor can milk 20 cows at once.  There are three groups based on there milking status: the high group, the low group, and the third group.  The third group is made up of “fresh” cows-ones that have just calved with relatively high milk production.  The high group makes up the majority of the milking herd and the cows have high production. If the fate of the cow is to remain in the milking herd, at about 60 days after calving the cow can be bred once again.  The low group has cows that are further along into their lactation period, and thus will have lower milk production.  Cows in the low group are likely pregnant and will eventually be dried off and are no longer apart of the milking herd until they calve.

The first step for milking is the sanitation process where a solution of hot water and detergent are flushed through the milking machines. The cows have to be brought from the barn to the parlor at this time, and their stalls are bedded while they are milked, which is what I normally do.  Like I have mentioned above, it is important that the bedding is clean and dry for when the cows lie down  because their teats remain open for about half an hour after being milked. Most cows by now know the routine, however some have a selective memory and need to be reminded.  For sanitation purposes the cows have there teats pre-dipped and post-dipped with iodine to prevent infection.  For most of the cows, the machines are put on “auto”, but there are some exceptions for those with abnormally placed, sized, or numbered teats and those cows are placed on a “manual” setting.  In this case, “one size fits all” doesn’t apply.

View of parlor.

Only one person does the milking.  Each milking machine consists of four vacuum suction-cups and has the ability to be maneuvered and manipulated into a comfortable position by the milker onto the teats.  If the machines are set to auto, they will fall off the cow automatically when milking is complete.

Milking machine with four suction cups.

Some of the cows coming into the parlor have red bands around their legs.  This indicates that milk from these cows cannot enter the bulk tank because the animal is receiving treatment with drugs that have a specific withdrawl time.  It is extremely important the milker takes notice of these cows and removes the tubes going into the bulk tank and connects them to a separate container, otherwise any milk previously in the tank is contaminated and no longer able to be sold. You might wonder why these cows with red bands are even still milked, however it is important that they are, especially if they are high producing because the pressure and discomfort the cow will experience in its udder.

The bulk tank

Every cow that is milked has a “responder” around its leg.  The responder is really a computer chip with the cow’s identification number that a sensor picks up in the parlor.  In addition, the responder records the amount the animal milks at that milking and acts as a pedometer to record the animal’s activity levels. An average quantity of milk produced by one animal at one milking is about 17-18 liters.  A pedometer is useful because by recording and monitoring how many steps the cows takes overtime, the information can be used to notify when the cow is in heat and can be bred.

Milking cow sporting a responder.

From the parlor, the milk travels into the bulk tank where it is stored.  Every second day the milk truck arrives on farm to collect the milk.  At this time, there is any where from approximately 6000-7000 liters of milk in the bulk tank depending on factors such as how many total cows are being milked or how many red-banded cows there are.

The dairy industry in Canada differs from the American dairy industry in that Canada uses a quota system.  This means the milk produced by all farms in the area is transported to the same place and from there is distributed to the major dairy companies for further processing whether it be for cheese, yoghurt, cream, ice-cream, or simply milk.

No, this is not a beautiful sunset. It is actually the sunrise as I arrive at work for my 5:00 a.m. shift.

It’s a boy! Well a bull calf any way.  I had arrived early for my shift at work just in time to see two hooves sticking out the back end of the cow 1105.  Right then, I grabbed my camera to capture the action.  Fortunately, 1105 looked like she had everything under control and it looked like a normal calving was about to ensue, because to my knowledge there are no prenatal classes for cows.  Not that any class could really prepare you for giving birth to something that weighs at least 100 lbs..

Two front feet sticking out.

As 1105 enters more advance stages of calving, the contractions become more frequent and she lies down in the far corner.  Given the circumstance, she seems calm and ready to get rid of the calf she has been carrying around with her for about nine months, and the other cows in the pen with her become curious.  With each push more and more of the calf emerges headfirst with its eyes now open, seeing the world around him for the first time.  Not ever having used the video setting on my camera, I prayed that it was recording because I don’t think either the calf or 1105 would have been too willing to start this process over again.

As 1105 pushes, the calf's head emerges and his eyes open. Unfortunately for him, his first view of the world is another cow's backside. Not too sure why she thought this would be a good place to lie down.

With a final push, the calf is expelled. Shortly after, Mel ensures the calf is stimulated to breath by tickling its nose with a small piece of straw.  Within seconds 1105 is up checking up on her newborn and begins cleaning the bull calf.   It wont be long before he will be up and walking wobbly on his own to begin nursing.  The first 12 hours of life are crucial for the calf to receive colostrum in the milk from its mother.  The colostrum contains immunoglobulins that are passed on from the mother to the calf to strengthen the calf’s immune system against many potential pathogens.

Cabinet of implements such as a pair of ear taggers and some of the drugs commonly used for looking after the calves.

The calf and 1105 have only a few hours together.  At afternoon milking time they are permanently separated. 1105 is a “fresh” cow, meaning she has just calved, and will join the ranks of the milking herd.  The new bull calf is moved out of the calving pen and into the calf barn with the other calves.  Instantly, he has at least 25 new calf friends.  For the next three days he will continue to receive colostrum milk twice a day from his mother that is saved in a bottle when she is milked and brought back to the calf barn.

Calf friends

For eight weeks calves will receive regular milk and quickly learn to make the transition from bottle-feeding to drinking milk out of the bucket- some more quickly than others.  For eight weeks following that, they are fed calf starter, and once those eight weeks have passed they are gradually transferred onto a pellet diet.

Calf starter feed

Medicated pellet feed for the older calves.

While testing out his wobbly legs this new born calf has managed to stumble over to the wrong side of the fence as his concerned mother looks on.

The fate of heifer and bull calves diverges at a certain point.  The heifer calves are ear tagged and given a shot Calf-Guard to vaccinate against respiratory diseases, as they are hopefully to one day become replacements in the milking herd.  Bull calves are of very little use to a dairy operation because they do not produce milk.  They are raised for veal and often sold to buyers if they are not kept for the farm itself.

When their horns start to grow, the calves start to look like the little devils they can be sometimes.

Earlier at the start of my internship, a very special calf was born.  Affectionately called Allie by the farm, she was born about 45 days premature and was about 1/3 of the size of an average calf.  Commonly, calves born this early will not be healthy, or won’t even survive.  However, after nearly a month to the date, I am happy to report that Allie is doing well and has even grown a bit in size.

The young heifer calf Allie, a few days after she was prematurely born.

My bull calf friend and me

I’d like to start off this blogging series with a dirty joke.

Van Ryssel Dairy Farm Sign

What’s black, white, and bred over and over?  A Holstein dairy cow! Actually, the real dirty part of the joke is that they never stop pooping. For those of you with dairy experience this may have been your first answer, but before my internship started I’ll admit I may have answered with something lame like a penguin or perhaps a zebra.  However, after completing my first week at Van Ryssel Dairy farm it is plain to see that the first image that comes to mind is a barn full of Holsteins, without a doubt.  Located just outside of Oakbank, Manitoba, Canada Van Ryssel Dairy milks about 125 Holstein cows and farms 4000 acres.

I began my week by quickly becoming acquainted with the “girls” and getting a whorl wind, quick n’ dirty (literally and figuratively) walk through the barn chores.  There are so many little tricks to remember for things like maneuvering the mechanized straw cart at just the right angles to prevent it from crashing while bedding the stalls or remembering who gets fed what and how much during feeding-all of which has to be carefully timed between the two daily milking times. But, for the majority of my internship, I will be dealing with the heifer and calf management and treating sick cows when necessary.

The straw cart

Fortunately for me, my first day on the job was also the day for “herd health” checks, which occurs once every two weeks. As an aspiring pre-vet, it was an amazing experience to go around with my supervisor, Peter and the two local vets who conducted the checks. So much so, that I plan on dedicating an entire blog in the future about herd health.

One of the major issues the diary industry faces is lameness, particularly in the legs and hooves of the cows.  Basically, the happier the cow, the more milk it will produce. To prevent hoof infections from arising, the cows are run through a chute where I was shown how their hooves are trimmed and checked for ulcers, foot rot, and warts.  Those cows with any problems with their feet are treated appropriately, and in the case of bacterial infections they are often treated with an intramuscular injection of Depocillin.

The chute

In my first week, I was shown how to “dry off” a cow to stop it from continuing to milk.  This involves injecting OrbeSeal and medicated Dry-Clox into each of the four teats, followed by a final dip of iodine to prevent infection. At this time the feet or head of the developing fetus can be felt inside the cow through rectal palpation.

OrbeSeal for drying the cows off

Occasionally, calves will get scours (a nasty diarrhea) that can be caused by a variety of reasons such as nutritional problems, bacteria (commonly E. coli), stress, or from something in the environment.  To treat them, two pills of Neo-Sulfalyte are administered orally for about a 100 lbs. calf for a few days.  Now, you have to realize that a calf is not going to simply swallow the pill on command, so a long rod is used place the pills down their throat.

In every case of treatment, it is extremely important to note and record the withdrawal time associated with each drug administered to each animal.  When given certain drugs, for example the Depocillin mentioned above, the milk or meat of that animal is not allowed to become food until the withdrawal time indicated on the label is surpassed.

Dairy cattle are also susceptible to becoming bloated, which is basically an accumulation of gas in their digestive tract that continues to build up and expand until the animal becomes noticeably larger in size in the mid section and clearly uncomfortable. It doesn’t happen often, but bloat can be caused from eating high grain diets.  This can be potentially fatal when not treated.  To alleviate the gas build up, we placed a long hollow tube in the heifer’s mouth and down the digestive tract.  Once the tube is placed all the way in, two people can apply pressure on either side of the animal and force the air out.  Within seconds, the air is removed and the heifer returns to normal size. How is that for a weight loss program!

Meet the "Girls"

Now when I get home from the dairy and open the fridge, I have a new appreciation for the time and energy that goes into the milk I’m pouring into my glass and I’ll confess, into the freezer as well, for those of you that are familiar with my love of ice cream.  So until next time, I’ll be upgrading my straw cart driving skills and getting my hands dirty.