Cornell University

In addition to my olive fruit fly control research project, I started a small experiment to test the effects of different potting mixtures on seed germination rates. The method typically used here at Casa Caponetti is sprouting seeds in soil blocks with a mixture of 1 part soil from the farm, 1 part manure, and 1 part pre-made outdoor potting soil with peat and fertilizer. I wanted to see how effective it would be to keep the amount of regular soil the same, and change the ratios of manure and potting soil.  I sprouted lettuce in 4 different combinations: 1 part farm soil and 2 parts manure, 1 part farm soil, 1 part manure, 1 part potting soil, and 1 part farm soil and 2 parts potting soil, and a control of 100% pre-made potting soil. As one might expect, the pre-made potting soil seems to be the most effective in germinating seeds quickly, since that is what it’s designed for. The sprout heights were measured, and the ones that germinated in the potting soil were longer than those in the other three mixtures. This was likely because there is fertilizer in the potting soil already, which speeds up the growth. The combination of just soil from the farm and manure was very unsuccessful, and only resulted in 3 out of 27 seeds germinating because of the high levels of ammonia in the fertilizer. The mixture of equal parts manure, potting soil, and farm soil was not far behind the 100% potting soil group and seems to be the most effective texture for making the soil blocks. It’s an added bonus that this mixture uses resources that are already on the farm and reduces the amount of external resources needed to produce and transport the potting soil. It is also a less expensive option.

The unbearable heat here was broken a couple days ago with a thunderstorm! Even though I’ve experienced plenty of those in Ithaca, they’re always kind of exciting for me as a native to the San Francisco bay area. The rain was refreshing and much needed, and I’m hoping (for the sake of my research project) that it will bring some olive fruit flies. Of course, for the sake of the olives, I hope it’s not a bad year. Despite my hope that over the course of six weeks in the summer I would catch some, I have two weeks to go and still not a single fly in sight. In the meantime, I have been working on a description of my experiment and instructions for checking the traps to leave for the garden manager and future volunteers at the farm. It will definitely be interesting to see if this experiment helps with the olive fruit fly problem later in the season, but I still hope I can see my project in action before I leave.

I also started another small project to test whether different ratios of manure, potting soil, and soil from the farm had effects on seed germination times. I have planted four trays of 54 soil blocks each with lettuce and St. John’s wort in different potting mix combinations. Hopefully this will yield some helpful results for the farm, and it could be an interesting comparison between the effects on cultivated plants vs. wild herbs.

In the garden we are starting to get TONS of tomatoes (well, kilograms, but still), which is exciting because that means delicious salads and pasta! We also needed to cut back the basil and ended up harvesting five bins packed full of it! I got to help clean some in the kitchen where it will soon be made into pesto. I also learned an interesting tip: to keep the basil from oxidizing and turning brown once it is made into pesto, the chef here blanches about half of the leaves that will go into the sauce. The rest are blended up fresh because they have a stronger flavor, so you get a delicious and green pesto! You can also eat the basil flowers, which are sweet but quite delicate and tedious to pluck off. I would love to try out a basil flower pesto soon though!

This much pesto, times 5.

Basil flowers

There was a “Notte Bianca” festival here in Tuscania last weekend, which was a night of festivities where the streets of the town were filled with vendors selling food, drinks, and artisanal goods. From what I’ve heard, the name of the event, meaning “white night,” comes from an expression that refers to being unable to fall asleep all night. Apparently the tradition was started in Paris, and the idea is that all the shops stay open and everyone stays up all night celebrating. The Tuscania one only went until about 1 am, and I was home by 11 and was (very) able to fall asleep. I got to try some deliciously interesting food though! I had some sort of fried ball of lavender risotto, and fried squash flowers, which I can’t believe I’ve never had before! I’m also hoping to experiment with cooking the many squash flowers we have here on the farm sometime soon! I’ve also learned that cucumber flowers are quite refreshing in salads. That’s all for now, but I’ll keep posting about my culinary and agricultural adventures!

Art installation at the Notte Bianca festival

Now that the garden manager, Marco, is back, I’ve had someone to work with more regularly and learn a lot about vegetable production. While Casa Caponetti was more focused on expanding its restaurant and B&B in the last couple years, they are hoping to increase production in the vegetable garden this fall in order to sell at a market in Rome. Since the growing season in this area is quite long, we have been doing a lot of transplanting and starting new seeds. I’ve also learned how to prune tomatoes (some were very overgrown) so that they have enough room to grow without becoming overcrowded, creating too much humidity.  We’ve planted peppers in the same rows as the tomatoes where there is extra space or a missing plant.

Crazy tomato jungle

More tame tomato jungle

We are also starting a lot of seedlings for zucchini, fennel, green beans, and cucumbers. The seeds are started in soil blocks, which are made with a tool that sort of stamps out containers of potting soil into small square chunks. It gets really hot here during the day, so the seedlings are covered and kept in the shade until they sprout. Once leaves come up, we have to make sure they constantly get enough water until they’re planted in the ground.

Starting seedlings in soil blocks

When I’m not in the garden, I have also been working on an independent research project to test the effectiveness of a particular type of homemade olive fruit fly trap. Olive fruit flies (Bactrocera oleae) devastated the olive harvest for much of Europe in 2014. They oviposit into the olives as they are ripening, and the larvae hatch and live off of the fruit until they emerge as flies in the fall. The trap I’m examining was developed at an organic olive orchard in Spain and is called the OLIPE (short for Olivarera de los Pedroches) trap. It is made by melting holes around the neck of a plastic 1.5 L bottle and filling it with a solution of 1 L water and 3 Torula yeast tablets. These traps are known to work particularly well for combatting the olive fruit fly, but unfortunately I seem to have come at the wrong time of year to successfully test their effectiveness. The conditions have not been as favorable for the pest this year as they were in 2014, which is great for olive farmers, but a bit of a struggle for my research project. I have been having a hard time identifying them and am not sure if I have caught any at all yet. Luckily the garden manager would be able to continue collecting data for me after I leave, so I’ll see how things go in the next couple weeks. Wish me luck!

Attracting lots of ants, no olive flies yet