In his talk last week Prof. Mertha offered insights on a number of different topics in Chinese/Cambodian history and the contemporary Communist Party of China. A number of points that Prof. Mertha touched on in his talk particularly interested me, and I am left with a couple of questions: what kind of aid and how much of it did the Chinese provide to Cambodia? How much of an impact did this aid have on the Khmer Rouge’s power and capability? What kinds of communication/coordination problems prevent the CPC from functioning more effectively today? Modern communications technology must overcome the physical vastness of the country, so is it just organizational problems that make it difficult for the party to delegate and implement policy plans? On another note, I also enjoyed Prof. Mertha’s humor and his accounts of the more fortuitous (the accommodating librarians) and serendipitous (the advisee’s relatives in China) moments of his research process.
Author Archives: Anna Canning
Learning in an outdoor classroom
I really enjoyed the opportunity to get off campus last Saturday on the Fischer Old-Growth Forest field trip. Special thanks to Rose House Fellow Todd Bittner for leading the trip and for all of the information he shared with us about the geology and history of the forest. One of the things I found most interesting was the differences we were able to see in the vegetation between fields of different ages. The first field on the outside of the forest had been farmed up until fairly recently, so shrubs/trees/etc. hadn’t taken up root yet; the next field had been abandoned earlier than the first, and it had been overgrown by a thicket of invasive shrub; the next field was older still, and was more of a forest than a field by now: it had tall trees and some underbrush; the last environment we saw was the old-growth forest, which was populated by evergreen trees that are hundreds of years old–because of the denseness of the canopy, this section of the forest had little undergrowth, because there wasn’t enough sunlight to support it. The delineation between each of these different environments was very clear as we walked through them. It felt a bit like entering a textbook diagram. Considering that the old-growth forest is one of the spaces Cornell uses as an “outdoor classroom”, I guess it’s pretty ideal that that’s the feeling it gives. At any rate, it was exciting to learn how to read the signs given by the landscape and vegetation to make inferences about their development. I think I will look a the local landscape with a slightly sharper eye now.
Movie Marketing & Distribution
I really enjoyed Saturday’s tour (/discussion) of Cinemapolis! I was particularly interested to learn about the difference in film distribution models between chain commercial cinemas (i.e., AMC, Regal) on the one hand and independent or not-for-profit cinemas like Cinemapolis on the other. For those who weren’t at the tour, the director explained to us that commercial cinemas tend to play big Hollywood blockbusters (the example the cinema he gave was the new Superman v. Batman movie) and make huge amounts of money in ticket sales in the first few weekends, after which point interest in the movie and revenue quickly drop. To raise such interest for the opening weekend, the film distribution companies, which own the rights to show the movie, have to launch an extensive marketing campaign for the film many weeks or months in advance. To cover these marketing costs, they charge the theaters showing the movie a higher percentage of their sales. Smaller films, on the other hand, tend to be produced by smaller production companies, bought by smaller distribution companies (often just arms of larger companies), and less heavily advertised. Rather than their own internal marketing, these films rely on media coverage by newspaper and magazine critics, word of mouth, etc. To allow time to generate this kind of buzz, the distribution companies introduce the films over a longer period of time – say, several months – starting in large cities like New York and L.A. (where there is a thriving media scene to give coverage) and then trickling down to smaller cities. Because this approach requires less marketing effort and thus lower costs, the distribution companies charge the independent theaters a lower percentage of their ticket revenue. I haven’t given that kind of thought to the movie industry when I’ve gone to see movies in theaters in the past. It was really interesting to hear about the process that brings the movies to us and it was particularly relevant to me this semester because I am currently taking a marketing course, so much of the framework was familiar. I wonder if there is a similar distinction between how the different types of movies (blockbusters vs. smaller indie films) are marketed online.
Rethinking “DREAMer”
I was surprised to learn at Esmeralda’s talk last week that the DREAM Act and the subsequent term “DREAMer” have had negative connotations and seen resistance. My previous (admittedly fuzzy) understanding of the term DREAMer had been a positive one – I understood DREAMers to be undocumented students eligible to pursue higher education under the terms of the law and I associated this group with advocacy efforts, as I assumed those eligible for the DREAM Act would likely be involved in advocating for its passage. As Esmeralda explained, however, the DREAM Act and the undocumented narrative that it puts forward have not been quite so innocuous. The path that the DREAM Act offers to undocumented people–one in which they must attend college to secure permanent citizenship–is narrow, and leaves people for whom college is not the right option in a lurch. If the path is narrow, so too is the group of people who follow it and the subsequent identity, “DREAMers”, given to them collectively. The rhetoric about blame-placing is also alienating and divisive, as it requires drawing lines between those deemed deserving and undeserving of certain rights.
After hearing Esmeralda speak about this, my understanding of the label “DREAMer” has definitely changed: it’s a more contentious label than I had thought, and in fact I think the debate about the term gets to the heart of some more fundamental debates about immigration: who is “entitled” to or “deserving” of legal status, who is not, who is to blame for the present situation (and must we assign blame?), and ultimately, what are we going to do about it? I think Esmeralda’s examining of this term and other linguistic/literary/visual representations of undocumented people will cast light on these questions and where people stand on them.
Redesigning the cook stove
I was really fascinated by Prof. Blalock’s talk last Wednesday about the problems of cook stoves, but also frustrated to learn how difficult it has proven to find a solution. After listening to the presentation, I found myself feeling that there must be some workable solution. Certainly there are many obstacles to changing people’s behavior–the Prius analogy was very effective in showing what those might be–but I felt that there had to be a way to get around them. Part of me wants to start with the stove itself. As Prof. Blalock told us, the stoves are tricky and inflexible, by nature of the way the wood and the gases burn. Still, I wonder if there isn’t a way to work around those limitations to build a more flexible stove – maybe by making it so that you can adjust the positioning of the food relative to the heat, or by making multiple burners, etc. Even if this made the stoves slightly more expensive, I think if it delivered a product that met people’s needs more effectively it would be worth the price (which hopefully you could offset with greater fundraising efforts on this side). I would hope that if you could deliver a more effective stove, it would change the trend Prof. Blalock observed: that people completely abandoned their stoves after a period of a few years. I think that abandonment was really the most confounding and frustrating part of the story. Why was it that people decided, after some time, to stop using the stoves entirely? Even though they were right there in the kitchen, completely available for use? It must be that somewhere the incentives were wrong. And I suspect that they were wrong in small ways in a number of places: like in the Prius analogy, with the cook stoves there are questions of product effectiveness, social norms, safety concerns, effort required for use, ingrained habit, etc. So likely changing only one thing–like the design of the stove–in itself wouldn’t be enough to solve the problem. Still, I think that the stove itself is probably one of the most important factors (considering that people still didn’t use it even once almost all barriers to their doing so were removed), so that’s where I would start.
A new facet of Cornell
I didn’t know very much about Cornell Tech before last week’s Rose Cafe so I really appreciated the opportunity to learn more. Listening to Prof. Schwartz’s presentation, I was impressed by the school’s commitment to bridging the gap between technical expertise and the business, communication, and people skills necessary to make projects succeed, as well as the broad recruitment of students of various academic backgrounds. I was also struck by the project-driven nature of the program: from the workspace logistics that make both student and faculty work more efficient, to the invitations extended to businesspeople and experts in NYC to contribute to Cornell Tech projects, the work really seems to be central to the graduate experience. I also think Prof. Schwartz’s challenge-loving attitude expressed that of the program more generally. I will be looking out for what Cornell Tech does in the future!
Environmental Humor
I hadn’t considered the relationship between humor and environmental concerns before last week’s Rose Cafe with Prof. Sachs. In his talk, Prof. Sachs noted that environmentalists rarely poke fun at themselves or their campaigns. To go by the stereotypes, at least, they prefer a preachy and serious self-righteousness. Noting that other groups who are fighting for change still take a step back to laugh at themselves, Prof. Sachs wondered why this might not be equally true of environmentalists. I wonder if maybe it is because, being a long-term and gradual problem, climate change so often takes a back burner to more pressing issues. Maybe activists feel that by cracking jokes about their concern and their efforts, they might be trivializing the topic and letting it slip even further down the list of priorities. Maybe the best way to continually emphasize the seriousness of climate change is continual seriousness. What do you guys think?
Rethinking Vertigo
Wow! I really enjoyed today’s Rose Cafe. Sara’s talk about melancholy brought together so many apparently disparate subjects and stories (Hamlet, Vertigo, humorism, etc.) and added to the meaning of each of them. Vertigo, for example. When I first saw Vertigo, I have to admit I wasn’t a huge fan. It felt too melodramatic to me, and there wasn’t anything very redemptive about the ending. The suggestion that the story line between Scottie and Judy was a kind of Freudian fantasy fulfilled was pretty eye-opening to me. I had interpreted Scottie’s attempt to force Judy to (re)become Madeleine as an attempt to affirm her identity, so that he could be with her in the present – as Judy or as Madeleine, just to be with her was the important thing. I didn’t think that maybe restoring Madeleine, as he knew her, was more important than confirming the two women were one and the same. I think that reading is really interesting, and it definitely does a better job of drawing in Scottie’s melancholy at being forced off the police force (a melancholy which I don’t think I explicitly acknowledged when I watched the movie) than my own interpretation. While Vertigo is still not my favorite, maybe I’ll give it another watch now!
Foreign Aid & Ineffective Governments
Prof. van de Walle’s talk last Wednesday on the relationship between foreign aid and economic development in nations with corrupt or ineffective governments was particularly interesting to me because in his Intro to Comparative Politics class, which I’m currently taking, we are discussing other aspects of the same issue. For class this week, we read a piece by two political scientists, Robert H. Jackson and Carl G. Rosberg, titled “Why Africa’s Weak States Persist: The Empirical and the Juridical in Statehood.” (a link if anyone’s interested in reading it) Jackson and Rosberg draw two different definitions of statehood: the “empirical”, which refers to a socially stable state with effective ruling systems in a defined territory, and the “juridical”, which may lack the on-the-ground functionality and cohesion of an empirical state, but is granted legal “state” status and its trappings (like the right to sit at the UN, for example) by the international community.
Jackson and Rosberg, considering a number of “weak states” in Africa, note many of the same problems that Prof. van de Walle discusssed at the talk: corruption, inability of government to carry out its duties, low levels of economic development, etc. They continue on to offer an explanation why these weak states, which seem to be failing as empirical states, still remain sovereign juridical states today. I’m paraphrasing here, but essentially it’s because the support these states receive from the international community (on account of their status as recognized juridical states) keeps them going. Foreign aid helps finance government budgets, the backing of the international community, etc. Thus, states that wouldn’t have survived long in an earlier, less international setting have held out in the twentieth century and into the present.
Like Prof. van de Walle’s talk, this seems like a compelling explanation. Unfortunately, it doesn’t offer much in the way of solutions. One problem that Prof. van de Walle mentioned was that foreign aid to weak or corrupt governments often ends up being siphoned off to elites or spent on other functions besides those it was intended for. To solve this problem it seems like you have to go one of two ways: either reform the government (or maybe monitor its performance closely), which is tricky, or go around it and have other organizations like NGOS or charities do the work the aid was intended to accomplish. I read another article that suggested that a proliferation of NGOs may lead to the state being run like a protectorate, rather than a sovereign nation. But if governments prove really intractable, is there merit to that approach anyway? Should concerns for national sovereignty prevent attempts at improving the efficacy of aid? Or maybe aid and development potential should be put directly in the hands of the people through some sort of micro-financing program. Any thoughts?
Skating lesson!
A big thanks to Rose House for opening the ice rink to us yesterday afternoon! Ever since I found out we had a skating rink here on campus, I’ve wanted to go, but until now it seemed that class/homework/the walk to Lynah/my inability to ice skate prevented me from actually doing so. I am so glad I went! Caitlyn’s skating lesson was really helpful and I’m pleased to say that I did not spend the whole time clinging to the wall. That said, I can only skate forwards and very slowly (although slow is actually just fine, considering that I don’t know how to stop…). I also owe a thank you to my friends who held my hand so that I could get away from the wall in the first place. Hopefully I can manage another trip to the rink soon, and maybe next time I’ll learn to stop or skate backwards or something! Until then, I think I’ll just enjoy walking on solid ground.