Brief: A number of pests presently and about to emerge should be considered for management in commercial blocks this week.
Codling moth (CM) is in full flight with egg laying and larva now emerging. Management should continue with a second application 10-14d after the date of the first, occurring in Highland at the onset of emergence on the 28th of May. This application will provide residue for OBLR emergence occurring mid-June.
San Jose Scale (SJS) have been on the wing since mid-May. We expect crawlers to emerge in southern Hudson Valley sites beginning early June (this week). Management for SJS include contact insecticides directed against the emerging crawlers can be found in a prior post (linked here). Black electrical tape on infested limbs with a thin coating of Vaseline will capture emerging nymphs and provide precise emergence timing for insecticide application.
Obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR): We are also at the period of the season when obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) adults are beginning to emerge and are now in flight with first trap captures in Milton and Walden. They will soon begin their egg laying in earnest next week with egg hatch not too far behind.
Based on NOAA weather forecasts, predicted emergence date for the 1st generation OBLR larva is the 16th of June.
In orchards that have had a past history of severe OBLR fruit damage or if populations of overwintering larvae were high, apply protective applications based on the first sustained trap capture in your orchard (biofix). The first management application should be timed to coincide with the first hatch of larvae at approximately 350 DD base 43F after biofix followed by a second spray 10-14 days later.
In-Depth:
OBLR: If we capture OBLR over two to three successive days (sustained flight) we will establish the biofix date and begin calculating heat accumulations using 45DD to help us determine, using the NEWA model, the early period of emergence for optimum timing of insecticide applications. If you find OBLR in your traps prior to or after our trap findings you can use the NEWA site to fine tune your application window.
Over the past ten years, growers have been able to control OBLR larva through the use of effective insecticide programs targeting three periods of larval activity. These include:
* Employ applications against the overwintering generation during either the pre-bloom / bloom or petal fall periods
* Use 1-2 applications against the summer generation
* In high population years target 1 application against late summer generation.
For the three periods of management we recommend using two or three distinct yet very effective active ingredient groups or IRAC classes. In this way we hope to reduce the resistance potential of the insect over time.
The classes used against the leafrollers with highest degree of efficacy include:
• Entrust 2SC, 80WP (spinosad) (IRAC Class 5), have been used successfully against the leafroller surface feeding and internal Lep. complex.
• Delegate (spinetoram) (IRAC Class 5), is a broad spectrum synthetic modification of spinosad against leafroller and internal Lep. complex. The placement for these materials has been predominately at the onset of hatch of the summer generation larva of OBLR, providing excellent results in NY State.
• Proclaim (emamectin benzoate) (IRAC 6), a second-generation avermectin insecticide related to Agri-Mek, is also an excellent insecticide against the OBLR while having a low impact on beneficial mites.
• Bt products such as Biobit, Dipel, Javelin, and MVP (IRAC 11 B2) also have a low impact on beneficial mite and are very effective against OBLR.
• Intrepid (methoxyfen-ozide) (IRAC 18A) another reduced risk insecticide very effective against the larva, imitates the natural insect molting hormone and works by initiating the molting process. Intrepid is quite safe to birds, fish, and most beneficial insects.
• Altacor (chlorantraniliprole) (IRAC Class 28) is a anthranilic diamides, which activate the insect’s ryanodine receptors, stimulating release of calcium from muscle tissues, and causing paralysis and death, controls of a range of insect pests in pome and stone fruits. These include codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and obliquebanded leafroller, green fruitworm, spotted tentiform leafminer, apple sawfly, European corn borer, and suppression of apple maggot, cherry fruit fly, white apple leafhopper, and plum curculio. It has low toxicity to bees, beneficial mites, birds, fish and mammals. Not registered for use in Kings, Queens, Nassau, or Suffolk Counties.
• Exirel (Cyantraniliprole ) (IRAC Class 28) is also a 2nd-generation anthranilic diamide. Like Altacor, Exirel is labeled for the control of a range of insect pests in pome and stone fruits, including codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and obliquebanded leafroller. Other species listed on the label include green fruitworm, spotted tentiform leafminer, European apple sawfly, white apple leafhopper, cherry fruit fly, spotted wing drosophila, and Japanese beetle, with activity against pear psylla and plum curculio, and suppression of apple maggot. It has high toxicity to bees, but low toxicity to birds, fish and mammals.
• Verdepryn (Cyclaniliprole) is a new member of the diamide group (IRAC 28) that includes *†Altacor and *†Exirel, effective against plum curculio and European apple sawfly as well as the fruit-feeding leps such as codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and OBLR. Additional pests on the label include pear psylla, white apple leafhopper, European corn borer, leafminers, other leafrollers, cherry fruit fly, spotted wing drosophila and Japanese beetle. Restricted use, labeled in pome and stone fruits; not for use in Nassau or Suffolk Counties. It has a high bee-poisoning hazard.
Premix Insecticides:
• Besiege (Chlorantraniliprole/Lambda-cyhalothrin) (IRAC Class 28 & 3), pome fruit label includes internal worms and leafrollers, aphids, (excluding woolly apple aphid), apple maggot and cherry fruit fly adults, leafhoppers, leafminers, plum curculio, Japanese beetle, pear psylla, plant bugs, stink bugs, and other caterpillars.
• Voliam Flexi (Chlorantraniliprole/Thiamethoxam) (IRAC Class 28 & 4A) is effective against a range of pests in pome and stone fruits in NYS. This product is a mixture of thiamethoxam, the a.i. of Actara, and chlorantraniliprole, the a.i. found in *†Altacor and *†Voliam Xpress. The label lists lepidopteran pests such as codling moth and oriental fruit moth, obliquebanded leafroller, leafminers and green fruitworm; plum curculio; European apple sawfly; leafhoppers and aphids (except woolly apple aphid); pear psylla; plus (in stone fruits only) cherry fruit fly, stink bugs, tarnished plant bug and thrips.
• Minecto Pro (Cyantraniliprole/Abamectin) (IRAC Class 28 & 6) is a pre-mix combination of cyantraniliprole and abamectin, labeled for pome fruit and stone fruit use in NY to control Lepidoptera species and mite when used with a penetrant. It is a restricted use pesticide with a high bee-poisoning hazard; not registered for use in Nassau or Suffolk counties.
Since the development of insecticide resistance is dependent on the volume and frequency of applications of insecticides and the inherent characteristics of the insect species, we should limit one insecticide class to a single generation of pest for resistance management purposes. The present model for insecticide resistance management (IRM) practices then is to use a single insecticide class for a single generation of insect pest.
For example, an IRM program against the lepidopteran complex, specifically OBLR, would use effective insecticides listed above (X, Y, Z) in three different IRAC classes (A, B, C) throughout the season.
Insecticide X (Class A) 1 application @ TC-P or PF for overwintering OBLR
Insecticide Y (Class B) 2 applications @ 14d; first emergence of 1st brood OBLR larva
Insecticide Z (Class C) 1 application @ first emergence of 2nd brood OBLR larva if needed.
Given the historic failures the apple industry has experienced managing the leafroller and internal worm complex, we should consider designing programs to maintain the effectiveness of these excellent IPM tools beginning early in the season, before the heat of the battle begins.
