1. Industry Overview:
In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train. SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.
>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en
Types of Train in France:
Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:
– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed
– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel
– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed
– Low marginal cost and high production cost
– Product can be sold in advance
– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.
However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.
– More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)
– Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats
———
2. Space
Railway industry defines space implicitly.
Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.
Economy Class:
Comfort Class:
Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.
For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.
Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.
I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.
——
3. Time
Railway industry defines time implicitly.
Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.
However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively. Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.
>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html
The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated. Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.
——–
4. Price
Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.
Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.
Price at 1 week before departure
Price at 2 weeks before departure
Price at 3 weeks before departure
Price at 4 weeks before departure
Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.
The physical rate fences are the classes:
The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty
As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.
(-Thao Ly)
——–
References:
http://www.raileurope.com
http://www.tgv-europe.com
http://www.sncf.co.uk/
Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods
Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry
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Depression is a serious mental health disorder that can impact anyone, but it is more prevalent in women. Women are twice as likely to experience depression as men due to biological, hormonal, and social factors. Depression in women can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and life events such as pregnancy or menopause. In this article, we will explore the symptoms of depression in women, the benefits of taking a depression test, and effective treatment options. Test Depression
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The Importance of Recognizing Symptoms and Getting Help:
Recognizing symptoms of depression in women and seeking help when needed is essential for improving overall well-being and reducing the impact of depression on daily life. Depression can interfere with daily life, relationships, and overall well-being, leading to long-term negative effects on mental health and overall well-being. By recognizing symptoms of depression and seeking help when needed, women can improve their overall well-being and reduce the impact of depression on their lives.
Conclusion:
Depression is a serious mental health disorder that is more prevalent in women. Symptoms of depression in women can include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Effective treatment options for depression in women include therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. By recognizing symptoms of depression and seeking help when needed, women can improve their overall well-being and reduce the impact of depression on their lives.
“Depression Test for Women: Recognizing Symptoms and Effective Treatment Options”
Depression is a serious mental health disorder that can impact anyone, but it is more prevalent in women. Women are twice as likely to experience depression as men due to biological, hormonal, and social factors. Depression in women can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and life events such as pregnancy or menopause. In this article, we will explore the symptoms of depression in women, the benefits of taking a depression test, and effective treatment options. Test Depression
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Symptoms of depression in women can include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Women may also experience physical symptoms such as fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, and difficulty concentrating or remembering information. Women may also experience increased irritability, anxiety, or feelings of guilt or worthlessness.
The Benefits of Taking a Depression Test:
Depression tests can provide valuable insights into areas of your life that may be contributing to lower levels of happiness and overall well-being. Taking a depression test can help identify symptoms and provide valuable information that can be used to develop effective treatment plans.
There are several different types of depression tests, including self-assessments and clinical assessments. Self-assessments can be completed online or in-person and typically involve answering questions about symptoms, feelings, and behaviors. Clinical assessments are typically administered by mental health professionals and may involve interviews and physical examinations.
Effective Treatment Options for Depression in Women:
Effective treatment options for depression in women include therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Therapy can help women develop effective coping strategies and improve overall well-being. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common treatment option for depression and can help women learn to manage negative thoughts and emotions related to depression.
Medications such as antidepressants can help improve symptoms of depression in women, especially when used in combination with therapy. Medications can help reduce symptoms of depression and improve overall well-being, allowing women to focus on improving their daily lives and relationships.
Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy diet, and adequate sleep can also help improve overall well-being and reduce symptoms of depression. Engaging in activities that bring joy and relaxation, spending time in nature, and practicing mindfulness techniques such as meditation or deep breathing can also help reduce stress and improve overall well-being.
The Importance of Recognizing Symptoms and Getting Help:
Recognizing symptoms of depression in women and seeking help when needed is essential for improving overall well-being and reducing the impact of depression on daily life. Depression can interfere with daily life, relationships, and overall well-being, leading to long-term negative effects on mental health and overall well-being. By recognizing symptoms of depression and seeking help when needed, women can improve their overall well-being and reduce the impact of depression on their lives.
Conclusion:
Depression is a serious mental health disorder that is more prevalent in women. Symptoms of depression in women can include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Effective treatment options for depression in women include therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. By recognizing symptoms of depression and seeking help when needed, women can improve their overall well-being and reduce the impact of depression on their lives.
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