Andrew G. Reynolds
Brock University, St. Catharines, ON
Brief Biography
(see Nelson J. Shaulis Papers, 1941-1986. Collection Number: 22-2-3140, Cornell University Library:
https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/EAD/htmldocs/RMA03140.html#d0e300)
Nelson Shaulis (1914-2000) was Professor of Viticulture, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva from 1944-1978 and was thereafter Professor Emeritus. Nelson Shaulis graduated with a BS in horticulture and an MS in agronomy from Pennsylvania State University. He received his PhD. from Cornell in 1941. He served as a soil conservationist with the USDA Soil Conservation Service from 1938 to 1944, while he was also an instructor and assistant professor of pomology at Penn State.
In 1944, he was appointed assistant professor of pomology at Cornell, and became professor of pomology and viticulture from 1948 to 1967. He retired as professor of viticulture in 1978. His major contributions to the grape industry included a training system for grapes called the Geneva Double Curtain (GDC), which he initiated at the Experiment Station in 1960 and with growers in 1964. He also helped to develop the mechanical grape harvester and mechanical pruning. Shaulis was named a fellow of the American Society of Horticultural Science in 1972 and in 1997 was the recipient of the Merit Award given by the American Society for Enology and Viticulture (ASEV), the highest award of the society. He also received Merit Awards from the Society of Wine Educators, the American Wine Society, the New York State Wine and Grape Foundation, and the National Grape Cooperative.
I tell my students that Dr Shaulis was the “father of canopy management research”; his paper on Geneva Double Curtain training (Shaulis et al. 1966) has become a frequently-cited classic. He was the first to stress the importance of canopy microclimate for node fruitfulness, yield, & fruit composition. He inspired many later experts in the field, particularly Richard Smart and Alain Carbonneau, who both took the concept of canopy division to Australasia and Europe, respectively.
A thumbnail career description.
First encounters. I first encountered Dr Shaulis in 1978 and engaged in a conversation about his 1949 paper on methyl anthranilate in Concord and its development during the veraison to harvest period (Robinson et al. 1949). His comment was “I have certainly done a lot more since then…”, and indeed he had, and an early example was work published on balanced pruning vs. MA (Shaulis and Robinson 1953).
Figure 1. Methyl anthranilate in Concord in response to three pruning severities over a 3-yr period (Shaulis and Robinson 1953).
Balanced pruning. Dr Shaulis began research into balanced pruning in the 1940s. This work was largely based on that of Newton Partridge (Michigan State) and Lee Schrader (Univ. of Maryland) during the 1920’s. Partridge in particular noted that Concord vines varied greatly in trunk diameter and weight of cane prunings (vine size). He pruned small vines severely and large vines lightly, and eventually vineyards such as these became more consistent in vine size. He also “Arbitrarily derived” a balanced pruning formula for Concord, which worked out to be 30+8 (30 nodes for the first lb. of prunings and 8 nodes for each lb. thereafter).
Shaulis developed specific pruning formulae for Concord, Fredonia, and Catawba vines based on weight of cane prunings and the principles of Partridge. These formulae specify that small vines are severely pruned and large vines lightly pruned. It assumes: 1. Even small vines need leaf area for dry matter, so a minimum node number is retained regardless of vine size; 2. A maximum node number is retained, due to the restrictions of trellis area and shoot crowding; 3. Formulae are adjusted slightly for varieties based on cluster size, fruitfulness, etc.
Figure 2. The vine size vs. yield relationship in Concord vines (Partridge 1925). Note that the yield becomes asymptotic at ca. 3 lbs. of cane prunings per vine, likely due to shade-induced reductions in fruitfulness.
Shaulis and colleagues published several papers on balanced pruning and its interaction with other factors such as vine spacing (Shaulis and Oberle 1948, Tomkins and Shaulis 1955, Kimball and Shaulis 1958). Initial work with Fredonia concluded a 40+10 pruning formula to be ideal, although there were no pruning levels tested above this (Shaulis and Oberle 1948). However, there did appear to be an asymptotic relationship between node number and yield in Catawba (Fig. 3b), and the nodes vs. yield relationship in Concord could likewise be fitted to a polynomial function (Fig. 3c).
Figure 3. Node number/lb. pruning weight vs. yield. (a) Fredonia (Shaulis and Oberle 1948); (b) Catawba (Tomkins and Shaulis 1955); (c) Concord (Kimball and Shaulis 1958).
The concept of balance has become popular in the past 30 years with the frequent use of the “Ravaz Index” (yield: vine size ratio). However, in needs to be pointed out the Ravaz himself did not use this ratio extensively and did not call it the “Ravaz Index”. Moreover, although Nelson Shaulis frequently used the term “balance” to describe a well-managed vineyard, he did not make use of the Ravaz Index in any of his papers. It was in fact Bravdo et al. (1984, 1985) who first published data to link this metric to fruit composition and wine quality. Their conclusions seemed to indicate that Carignane could achieve Ravaz Indices of up to 16 without compromise to wine quality, whereas Cabernet Sauvignon was more sensitive, showing wine score decreases at Ravaz Indices > 10.
Mechanical pruning and harvesting. Work in the 1960’s and 1970’s led to greater mechanization, particularly in Concord vineyards. Mechanical pruning (Pollock et al. 1977) and mechanical harvesting (Shepardson et al. 1962) have now become ubiquitous throughout vineyards globally.
Canopy division. Shaulis is perhaps best known for the development of the divided canopy system, the Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) (Shaulis et al. 1966). He is perhaps better known for the interest that the GDC evoked, and, the fundamental vine physiology questions that were answered. The GDC system did not originate exclusively in the 1960’s, but in fact had its origins in the Modified Munson System, presumably developed by Texas viticulturist TV Munson around the turn of the 20th century. The original version contained two wires on either side of a central cordon ≈6 ft (2 m) in height, to position shoots to either side. Later derivations of the system utilized a double cordon system, and the shoot positioning produced the equivalent to a divided canopy. However, the training system was not widely used, and the shoot positioning wires were awkward and cumbersome, particularly during pruning.
Shaulis and colleagues recognized that once vine size increased to > 0.4 lbs/ft of row (0.5 kg/m row) that shade likely reduced fruitfulness and yield no longer increased as a function of node number per vine. By dividing the canopy, 1. Exposed shoots had enhanced fruitfulness, therefore GDC had increased productivity; 2. GDC had more exterior shoots and more exposed basal leaves; 3. Shoot positioning decreased shaded basal leaves to ≈ 9% from ≈ 42%; 4. Fruit maturity was a function of greater shoot maturity; 5. Exterior shoots produced fruit with higher Brix.
Richard Smart was one of Shaulis’ two graduate students in his career and did his PhD research on GDC-trained Concord in the early-mid 1970’s. Two papers from this research (Smart et al. 1982a, 1982b) showed the importance of GDC and particularly shoot positioning for canopy light microclimate. Alain Carbonneau worked with Shaulis in the late 1970’s and from his experience he developed the Lyre system, which has achieved popularity in France and elsewhere (Carbonneau 1977). Smart et al. (1985a,b) likewise experimented with GDC on Shiraz vines in Australia. Moreover, Shaulis worked with Peter May in Australia in the late 1960’s to show that GDC and shoot positioning could increase fruitfulness in Thompson Seedless (Sultana) such that it could be pruned to long spurs without reduction in yield (Shaulis and May 1971).
Table 1. Effects of the GDC system on fruit composition of Shiraz (Smart et al. 1985b). Underlined means are significantly different from the control (P < 0.05).
| Variable | Shade | Slash | Control | GDC |
| Fruit exposure (max 5; +0.4) | 1.2 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 3.3 |
| K fruit (mg/L; +170) | 1930 | 1780 | 1780 | 1502 |
| Brix (NS) | 22.1 | 23.0 | 23.5 | 23.6 |
| TA (g/L; NS) | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 |
| pH (NS) | 3.89 | 3.82 | 3.80 | 3.67 |
| Anthocyanins (mg/L; NS) | 340 | 371 | 437 | 405 |
| Phenols (mg/L) | 3390 | 3850 | 4330 | 4130 |
Table 2. Effects of the Lyre system on fruit composition of Merlot (Carbonneau 1977). Underlined means are significantly different from the control (P < 0.05).
| Variable | Traditional VSP | Lyre |
| Canopy PAR (% ambient) | 28.4 | 32.5 |
| Cluster PAR (% ambient) | 18.0 | 21.6 |
| Yield/ha (t/ha) | 9.4 | 12.5 |
| Wine ethanol (%) | 11.1 | 11.4 |
| Wine pH | 3.45 | 3.23 |
| Wine anthocyanins (mg/L) | 272 | 295 |
Concluding Remarks.
Nelson Shaulis had a career devoted to the study of the grapevine. He inspired scientific curiosity in numerous individuals, myself included, and as a consequence those of us who are viticulturists understand the physiology of the grapevine much more than our fathers and grandfathers. It seems appropriate to conclude with a few quotes attributed to Nelson: Taste extensively, but ingest minimally (scolding me for excessive wine consumption, ca. 1985); Drink it: it’s not for your pleasure, it’s for your education! (to Alain Carbonneau, encountering his first glass of Catawba wine, 1977); “I enjoyed your talk, Nelson” (me, addressing Nelson)… I didn’t give the talk for enjoyment, I gave it for edification (UC Davis 100th Anniversary Symposium, 1980); It’s not how many leaves are removed, it’s how many leaves remain afterwards (addressing a Martinborough, New Zealand grower who was overly enthusiastic with his fruit zone leaf removal, 1988); What is your (research) idea for today? (to Alain Carbonneau, 1977); I wish I had learned less about growing grapevines and more about how grapevines grow.
For More Information:
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Nelson Shaulis Publications
Refereed Publications
Alderfer RB, Shaulis NJ. 1943. Some effects of cover crops in peach orchards on runoff and erosion. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 42:21-29.
Shaulis NJ. 1946. Tree and soil response to cultural treatments of peach orchards in south central Pennsylvania. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 48:1-26.
Shaulis NJ, Oberle GD. 1948. Some effects of pruning severity and training on Fredonia and Concord grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 51:263-270.
Shaulis NJ, Alderfer RB. 1949. Soil structure relations to runoff and erosion in a peach orchard. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 53:40-48.
Shaulis NJ. 1950. A progress report on the use of fortified oil emulsions in weeding grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 56:203-209.
Shaulis NJ, Robinson WB. 1953. The effect of season, pruning severity, and trellising on some chemical characteristics of Concord and Fredonia grape juice. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 62:214-220.
Shaulis NJ, Kimball K, Tomkins JP. 1953. The effect of trellis height and training systems on the growth and yield of Concord grapes under a controlled pruning severity. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 62:221-227.
Edgerton LJ, Shaulis NJ. 1953. The effect of time of pruning on cold hardiness of Concord grape canes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 62:209-213.
Shaulis NJ, Kimball K. 1955. Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of concord grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 66:192-193.
Tomkins JP, Shaulis NJ. 1955. The Catawba grape in New York. I. Some fruiting characteristics of the cane and shoot. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 66:209-213.
Tomkins JP, Shaulis NJ. 1955. The Catawba grape in New York. II. Some effects of severity of pruning on the production of fruit and wood. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 66:214-219.
Taschenberg EF, Shaulis NJ. 1955. Effects of DDT-Bordeaux sprays and fertilizer programs on the growth and yield of Concord grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 66:201-208.
Shaulis NJ, Kimball K. 1955. Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield of Concord grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 66:192-200.
Shaulis NJ, Kimball K. 1956. The association of nutrient composition of Concord grape petioles with deficiency symptoms, growth and yield. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 68:141-156.
Shaulis NJ. 1956. The sampling of small fruits for composition and nutritional studies. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 68:576-586.
Kimball K, Shaulis NJ. 1958. Pruning effects on the growth, yield and maturity of Concord grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 71:167-176.
Robinson WB, Shaulis NJ, Smith GC, Tallman DF. 1959. Changes in the malic and tartaric acid contents of Concord grapes. Food Research 24(2):176-180.
Nitsch JP, Pratt C, Nitsch C, Shaulis NJ. 1960. Natural growth substances in Concord and Concord seedless grapes in relation to berry development. Am. J. Botany 47:566-576.
Pratt C, Shaulis NJ. 1961. Gibberellin-induced parthenocarpy in grapes. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 77:322-330.
Shepardson ES, Studer HE, Shaulis NJ, Moyer JC. 1962. Mechanical grape harvesting: Research progress and developments at Cornell. Agric Engin 43(2):66-71.
Shaulis NJ, Amberg H, Crowe DE. 1966. Response of Concord grapes to light, exposure and Geneva Double Curtain training. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 89:268-280.
Shaulis NJ, Steel RGD. 1969. The interaction of resistant rootstock to the nitrogen, weed control, pruning and thinning effects on the productivity of Concord grapevines. J Am Soc Hort Sci 94:422-429.
May P, Shaulis NJ, Antcliff AJ. 1969. The effect of controlled defoliation in the Sultana vine. Am J Enol Vitic 20:237-250.
Shaulis NJ, May P. 1971. Response of Sultana vines to training on a divided canopy and to shoot crowding. Am J Enol Vitic 22:215-222.
Mattick LR, Shaulis NJ, Moyer JC. 1972. The effect of potassium fertilization on the acid content of Concord grape juice. Am J Enol Vitic 23:26-30.
Shaulis NJ, Kender WJ, Pratt C, Sinclair WA. 1972. Evidence for injury by ozone in New York vineyards. HortScience 7:570-572.
Kender WJ, Taschenberg EF, Shaulis NJ. 1973. Benomyl protection of grapevines from air pollution injury. HortScience 8:396-398.
Kender WJ, Shaulis NJ. 1976. Vineyard management practices influencing oxidant injury in ‘Concord’ grapevines. J Am Soc Hort Sci 101:129-132.
Shaulis NJ, Einset J. 1976. Grape. Hortus III, pp.522-523.
Pollock JG, Shepardson ES, Shaulis NJ, Crowe DE. 1977. Mechanical pruning of American hybrid grapevines. Trans Am Soc Agric Engin 20:817-821.
Cahoon G.A, Shaulis NJ, Barnard J. 1977. Effect of daminozide on ‘Concord’ grapes, J Am Soc Hort Sci 102:218-222.
Howell GS, Shaulis NJ. 1980. Factors influencing within vine variation in the cold resistance of cane and primary bud tissues. Am J Enol Vitic 31:158-161.
Smart RE, Shaulis NJ, Lemon ER. 1982. The effect of Concord vineyard microclimate on yield: I. The effects of pruning, training and shoot positioning on radiation microclimate. Am J Enol Vitic 33:99-107.
Smart RE, Shaulis NJ, Lemon ER. 1982. The effect of Concord vineyard microclimate on yield: II. The interrelations between microclimate and yield expression. Am J Enol Vitic 33:109-115.
Other Publications
International Conference Proceedings
Shaulis NJ. 1966. Light intensity and temperature requirements for Concord grape growth and fruit maturity. Proc XVII Int Hort Congr, pp. 589.
Shaulis NJ, Smart RE. 1974. Grapevine canopies: Management, microclimate and yield responses. Proc XIX Int Hort Congr, Warsaw, Poland, September 1974, pp. 255-265.
Shaulis NJ, Pollock JG. 1979. Management of grapevines, including Geneva Double Curtain trained grapevines for a more mechanized viticulture. 6th Kongress über Mechanisierung im Gartenbau, September 1979, Kecskemét, Hungary.
Shaulis NJ. 1980. Responses of grapevines and grapes to spacing of and within canopies. Grape and Wine Centennial Symposium Proceedings, University of California, Davis, pp. 353-361.
Shaulis NJ. 1984. Characteristics of the grapevines environment in relation with their estimation and their improvement (Caracteristiques des milieux de la vigne par rapport a leur evaluation et a leur amelioration). Bull de l’OIV 57:283-290.
State Conference Proceedings or Other Regional Publications
Shaulis NJ, Merkle FG. 1939. Orchard soil management. Some effects of different practices on the soil. Penn State College Bull (373):1-26.
Shaulis NJ. 1941. Soil and Plant Response to Modified Sods and Mulches in a Young Peach Orchard. Thesis (PhD)–Cornell University, June, 1941.
Shaulis NJ. 1942. Fundamentals of orchard soils. Proc 83rd Ann Mtg, Penn State Hort Ass, pp. 1-8.
Shaulis NJ. 1947. Heavy pruning and Fredonia yields. Farm Res XIII (1), pp. 4.
Shaulis NJ, Carleton EA. 1947. Higher grape yields from cross-slope plantings. Farm Res (99).
Shaulis NJ. 1948. Balanced pruning aids grapes. Farm Res XIV(3).
Shaulis NJ. 1948. Balanced pruning of grapes really pays dividends. Nitrogen News and Views, Coke Oven Ammonia Research Bureau, Inc. III (4).
Robinson WB, Shaulis NJ, Pederson CS. 1949. Ripening studies of grapes grown in 1948 for juice manufacture. Fruit Prod J Am Food Manuf 29(2):36-37, 54, 62.
Shaulis NJ. 1949. Some recent studies in pruning and training grapes. Hortic News, pp. 2222-2230.
Shaulis NJ. 1950. Weed killers in the vineyard. Farm Res reprint no.167 (April 1950).
Shaulis NJ. 1951. Observations in Concord vineyards of Washington State. Proc 96th Annual Meeting. NY State Hort Assoc.
Shaulis NJ, Dugan DR. 1951. Chemical weed control in the vineyard. Cornell Extension Bull (816).
Pederson CS, Robinson WB, Shaulis NJ. 1953. Opalescent juice from white grapes. Farm Res XIX (1), pp. 2.
Shaulis NJ. 1953. Forty years work with grafting grapes. The Chautauqua Co Farm Home Bureau News, Jamestown NY 36(11), pp. 2.
Shaulis NJ, Kimball K, Tomkins JP. 1953. Training and trellising Concord grapes for high yields. Farm Res (April), pp. 11.
Shaulis NJ. 1953. Expert discusses ABC’s of grape pruning. New York Times, 29 November, pp. X36.
Shaulis NJ. 1954. Potash deficiency in the vineyard. Farm Res (April), pp.4.
Shaulis NJ, Kimball K. 1954. Profitable spacing for Concord grape vines. Farm Res (October), pp. 11.
Shaulis NJ. 1955. Shaulis suggests ways to lift grape quality. The Grape Belt and Chautauqua Farmer LXI (21) pp. 1,10.
Shaulis NJ. 1956. Looking ahead with grape growers. Proc NY State Hort Soc.
Shaulis NJ. 1958. 1957 observations in California vineyards. Proc NY State Hort Soc.
Shaulis NJ. 1958. Weed control in New York vineyards. Farm Res XXIV (1) (reprint no. 259)
Shaulis NJ. 1959. Gibberellin trials for New York grapes. Farm Res (March).
Shaulis NJ. 1959. Response of Concord grapes to grape pomace, Farm Res (September), pp. 14.
Shaulis NJ, Jordan TD. 1959. Chemical control of weeds in New York vineyards, NYS College of Agriculture, Cornell Extension Bulletin no.1026.
Shaulis NJ. 1959. Your vines will tell you. Am Fruit Grower 79(9), pp. 9, 21.
Shaulis NJ, Shepardson ES, Moyer JC. 1960. Grape harvesting at Cornell: I. Proc NY State Hort Soc, pp. 250-254.
Shaulis NJ, Crowe DE. 1960. New York trials in weed control over the whole vineyard floor. Proc 14th Ann Mtg Northeastern Weed Control Conf, pp. 66-70.
Shaulis NJ. 1961. Associations between symptoms of potassium deficiency, plant analysis, growth and yield of Concord grapes. Am Inst Biol Sci, Publication no.8, pp. 44-57 (probably AIBS Bulletin).
Shaulis NJ. 1961. Pruning pointers: Grapevines should be cut back now to increase the fruit yield, New York Times, 26 February, pp. X37.
Shaulis NJ. 1962. Observations in European vineyards. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc, pp. 233-235.
Shepardson ES, Miller WF, Moyer JC, Shaulis NJ. 1963. Grape harvester research at Cornell. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc.
Shaulis NJ, Shepardson ES, Moyer JC. 1964. Grape harvesting research at Cornell. VI. Pruning, training and trellising Concord grapes for mechanical harvesting in New York. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc, pp. 234-241.
Shaulis NJ, Dethier BE. 1964. Minimizing the hazard of cold in New York vineyards. Cornell Extension Bulletin 1127.
Shaulis NJ, Pratt C. 1965. Grapes – their growth and development. Farm Res, Reprint no. 401 (Jan/Mar).
Shaulis NJ. 1965. The Geneva Double Curtain – A training system for New York’s vigorous grapes. Farm Res (April/June), pp. 2-3.
Lider LA, Shaulis NJ. 1965. Resistant rootstocks for New York vineyards. NYSAES Research Circular, Series no. 2. (revised 1974)
Shaulis NJ. 1966. Resistant rootstocks for wine grapes. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc, pp. 177-178.
Shaulis NJ, Shepardson ES, Jordan TD. 1967. The Geneva Double Curtain for vigorous grapevines. NYSAES Bulletin no. 811.
Shaulis NJ, Einset J, Boyd Pack A. 1968. Growing cold-tender grape varieties in New York. NYSAES Bulletin no. 821.
Shaulis NJ, Shepardson ES, Moyer JC. 1968. Mechanical harvesting of grape varieties grown in New York State. Technical Seminar on Implications of Mechanization for Fruit and Vegetable Harvesting, Chicago IL, 8-10 December 1968.
Shaulis NJ. 1969. Viticulture and mechanical harvesting of grape varieties grown in New York State. Fruit and Vegetable Harvest Mechanization, Technical Implications. RMC Report no.16, pp. 583-587. Rural Manpower Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
Shaulis NJ, Dethier B. 1970. New York site selection for wine grapes. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 115:288-294.
Robinson WB, Einset J, Shaulis NJ. 1970. The relation of variety and grape composition to wine quality. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 115:283-287.
Shaulis NJ, Steel RGD. 1970. Cultural and rootstock effects on Concord grape productivity. NY Food & Life Science 3(3), pp. 7-9.
Shaulis NJ. 1971. Vine hardiness a part of the problem of hardiness to cold in N.Y. vineyards. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 116:158-167.
Shaulis NJ. 1971. Vineyard sites – Importance and identification in New York. Proc NY Wine Industry Technical Advisory Panel, Dept Food Science & Technology, NY State Agricultural Experiment Station Cornell University, Geneva NY, 19 August 1971.
Shaulis NJ, Jordan TD, Tomkins JP. 1972. Cultural practices for New York vineyards. Cornell Extension Bull no. 805.
Kender WJ, Shaulis NJ. 1973. Air pollution injury in New York vineyards. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc, pp. 70-73.
Shaulis NJ, Pollock J, Crowe DE, Shepardson ES. 1973. Mechanical pruning of grapevines progress 1968-1972. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc, pp. 61-69.
Mattick LR, Moyer JC, Shaulis NJ. 1973. Acidity in Concord grape juice. NY Food and Life Science 6(1):8-9.
Lider LA, Shaulis NJ. 1974. Resistant rootstocks for New York vineyards. NY Food and Life Sci Bull (45):1-3.
Shaulis NJ, Shepardson ES, Moyer JC. 1975. Yield losses in the mechanical harvesting of grapes in New York. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 120:96-104.
Shaulis NJ, Pool RM. 1976. Establishing grapevines in the home garden. New York Times, Garden Section, Sunday Supplement.
Shaulis NJ. 1976. A Guide for Grape Growers. New York Times, 21 March, pp. 96.
Shaulis NJ. 1977. Factors affecting sugar accumulation in New York grapes in 1976. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 122:225-230.
Shaulis NJ, Crowe DE, Rogers RA. 1977. The relation of the phytotoxicity of glyphosate to its injury-free use in vineyards: I. Glyphosate studies as a basis for injury-free use. Northeastern Weed Sci Soc 32:246-253.
Shaulis NJ, Crowe DE. 1977. Weed control in New York vineyards. Weeds Today 8(2):25.
Shaulis NJ, Zabadal T, Jordan TD. 1978. Vineyard decisions which can reduce the impact of weather. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 123:162-165 (Section I).
Pool RM, Shaulis NJ, Tyler E. 1979. What happened to the Delawares in 1978? Proc 30th Ann Finger Lakes Grape Growers’ Convention, pp. 54-66.
Shaulis NJ. 1979. Reflections on NY viticulture. Eastern Grape Grower & Winery News 5(1):18-20.
Musselman RC, Shaulis NJ, Kender WJ. 1980. Damage to grapevines by fossil-fuel wastes and pollutants. Search: Agriculture no. 3.
Shaulis NJ. 1981. Cold damaged grapevines and their management. 32nd Annual Finger Lakes Grape Growers’ Convention (Proceedings unpublished; see Vineyard Notes 1981).
Oberly G, Shaulis NJ, Tyler E. 1982. Boron and grapevines: The 1979-1981 efforts in Finger Lakes vineyards. 33rd Annual Finger Lakes Grape Growers’ Convention (Proceedings unpublished; see Vineyard Notes, #82-8, 21 May 1982).
Shaulis NJ. 1983. Relevance of some of the Japanese viticulture to New York viticulture. Proc Ann Mtg NY State Hort Soc 28:46-47.
Shaulis NJ. 1991. Some of the viticultural limitations and grape use limitations encountered in mechanization of control of grape crop size. 121st Ann Report Secretary State Hort Soc of Michigan, pp. 117-125.