Callero, K. R., E. M. Teplitz, D. M. Barbano, C. R. Seely, J. A. Seminara, I. R. Frost, H. A. McCray, R. M. Martinez, A. M. Reid, and J. A. A. McArt. “Patterns of Fourier-Transform Infrared Estimated Milk Constituents in Early Lactation Holstein Cows on a Single New York State Dairy.” Journal of Dairy Science, February 22, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22588.

Evanowski, Rachel L., Sarah I. Murphy, Martin Wiedmann, and Nicole H. Martin. “Low-Cost, on-Farm Intervention to Reduce Spores in Bulk Tank Raw Milk Benefits Producers, Processors, and Consumers.” Journal of Dairy Science, January 27, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22372.

Martin, N. H., R. L. Evanowski, and M. Wiedmann. “Invited Review: Redefining Raw Milk Quality—Evaluation of Raw Milk Microbiological Parameters to Ensure High-Quality Processed Dairy Products.” Journal of Dairy Science, January 9, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22416.

Sakai, Nobumitsu, Ola Yetunde Esho, and Motoko Mukai. “Iodine Concentrations in Conventional and Organic Milk in the Northeastern U.S.” Dairy 3, no. 2 (June 2022): 211–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3020017.

Dumpler, Joseph, and Carmen I. Moraru. “A Process Optimization Approach for Microwave Vacuum Drying of Concentrated Skim Milk.” Journal of Dairy Science 105, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 8765–81. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-21459.

Griep-Moyer, E. R., A. Trmčić, C. Qian, and C. I. Moraru. “Monte Carlo Simulation Model Predicts Bactofugation Can Extend Shelf-Life of Pasteurized Fluid Milk, Even When Raw Milk with Low Spore Counts Is Used as the Incoming Ingredient.” Journal of Dairy Science, October 4, 2022, S0022-0302(22)00571-9. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22174.

McGillin, Meghan R., Dana L. deRiancho, Timothy A. DeMarsh, Ella D. Hsu, and Samuel D. Alcaine. “Selective Survival of Protective Cultures during High-Pressure Processing by Leveraging Freeze-Drying and Encapsulation.” Foods 11, no. 16 (January 2022): 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162465.

Basbas, Carl, Sharif Aly, Emmanuel Okello, Betsy M. Karle, Terry Lehenbauer, Deniece Williams, Erika Ganda, Martin Wiedmann, and Richard V. Pereira. “Effect of Intramammary Dry Cow Antimicrobial Treatment on Fresh Cow’s Milk Microbiota in California Commercial Dairies.” Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070963.

Cheng, Rachel A., Renato H. Orsi, and Martin Wiedmann. “The Number and Type of Chaperone-Usher Fimbriae Reflect Phylogenetic Clade Rather than Host Range in Salmonella.” MSystems 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2022): e0011522. https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00115-22.

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Qian, Chenhao, Yuhan Liu, Cecil Barnett-Neefs, Sudeep Salgia, Omer Serbetci, Aaron Adalja, Jayadev Acharya, Qing Zhao, Renata Ivanek, and Martin Wiedmann. “A Perspective on Data Sharing in Digital Food Safety Systems.” Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 0, no. 0 (July 26, 2022): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2103086.

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Wang, Mingming, Lu Wang, Xiaomei Lyu, Xiao Hua, Julie M. Goddard, and Ruijin Yang. “Lactulose Production from Lactose Isomerization by Chemo-Catalysts and Enzymes: Current Status and Future Perspectives.” Biotechnology Advances 60 (July 25, 2022): 108021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108021.

The operators know it well, that magical button we push that cleans everything as if we alone possess supernatural powers!  But in fact, do we?  It’s been my experience that we do not.  While it’s safe to say the chemicals or heat are doing much of the work, it still is dependable on several factors as to whether a system is getting cleaned properly or not.  Take for example a cultured dairy plant that wanted to run a non-cultured product through their system.  After cleaning and sanitizing their system completely, the non-cultured product over shelf life started to exhibit the same flavor, smell and texture of some of the cultured products they made. Not only that, we were able to culture out of those products their original culture organisms. Without a doubt, they had biofilms of their product cultures adhering to the surfaces within their system.  Oddly enough, this was a surprise to them.  Then again, not many cultured plants will attempt to run a non-cultured product in a cultured product plant.  Whether you’re a cultured plant or a fresh product dairy processor, it’s possible to have low level biofilms in your systems, it just tends to be more obvious in fresh product plants (no competition).

Often, plants don’t pay any attention to their CIP systems, however there are a few things that come into play that you need to think about.  The power/speed of the circulation pump is critical to give you the volume of flow required to adequately clean and sanitize an enclosed CIP loop.  Restrictions and expansions in piping can change the velocity of cleaning solutions.  When cleaning volume of flow and turbulence are important.  If you are unsure you are getting proper flow, your chemical supplier should have an instrument that they can hook up to the outside of your lines to check the actual flow during CIP.  If you have restrictions/expansions, I recommend testing the flow in several different locations within the CIP loop.  And always remember the acronym TACT, which are the four tenets of cleaning:  Temperature of the solution, Action of flow through the CIP circuit (speed/turbulence), Concentration of chemical, and Time of contact.

It seems that people’s time is becoming increasingly valuable. Our team is acutely aware that the companies we serve seem to be doing more with less: less resources, less people, and with an ongoing wave of retirements, less widespread and institutional expertise. At the same time, the food industry continues to grow and develop. Food processing employees will continue to need training to generally operate, meet regulatory and audit requirements, and remain preferred places of employment.

With the above-mentioned limitations, it is more important than ever that employee training hits on the precise topics that are needed. We pride ourselves on building strong, long-term relationships with our industry partners to deliver best-in-class training to employees. Please reach out to us to create a training plan for 2023 and beyond. Below are several strategies we use to become your preferred training provider.

• Certificate Program: Our Dairy Foods Certificate Program is rounding out its 10-year anniversary and is the cornerstone of our programming. The certificate program is a great option for general employee training regardless of the type of dairy products that are made at a facility. It is also a fantastic tool for individual employee development and advancement. Courses are offered regularly, and many can be done on-site.
• Customized Training: While we have standard course offerings through our certificate program, some organizations need more curated content to fit their needs. We can use our existing programs as building blocks to make customized courses, or we can create something entirely new. In-person customized trainings are typically done on-site, but can also be offered on our campus. If a virtual platform is preferred, we can arrange for the content to be disseminated live, or through a self-paced virtual program. We ask that companies reach out to us with plenty of lead time for customized training so that we can develop the best content possible.
• Online or in–person: In this day in age, there doesn’t seem to be a one-size-fits-all approach to what works best. Online training has its clear efficiencies, but the in-person human connection can’t be totally replaced. Our team is willing to work with companies to find the right balance of online or in-person training to fit the needs of their culture.
• Onboarding training capabilities: There is plenty of literature stating that a strong onboarding system improves employee longevity and retention. While onboarding isn’t limited to food safety training, it is a key component of any food processing job. Our programs go into the “why” behind plant operations, and we have specific online programs that are ideal for required basic GMP and Food Safety Training.
• We get to know you: As trainers, there is a true benefit to knowing your audience and the environment your audience is working in. The more our team is able to interact with an organization, the deeper our understanding is, and that helps us curate the best content for the needs of those employees.
• The land-grant advantage: Cornell University is a land-grant institution, meaning that we are charged with advancing the lives and livelihoods of the state’s citizens through teaching, research and public service. As such, our Milk Quality Improvement Program and Food Safety Laboratory provide us with up-to-date, relevant research for industry, and our training team is able to take that knowledge and share it with industry through training. In turn, our extension team provides feedback to our researchers on the challenges that the industry is facing. This dynamic gives us and the companies we serve a key advantage. Companies are also able to take advantage of our laboratory services and consulting services, making us a one-stop shop for many of your food safety and quality needs.

Please reach out to lmf226@cornell.edu to schedule a consultation on any of your training needs.

Take Advantage of Our Dairy Foods Extension Services

There are many services offered through our Extension Program, the Food Safety Laboratory, and the Expertise of our team that can help your organization, whether it’s to address acute or persistent food safety or quality issues, to prepare for an audit,  to implement or improve continuous improvement or troubleshooting procedures, or to develop improved training programs for a team or for individuals that you want to grow in your organization. We can help you take things off your to-do list in 2021.

The list below encompasses many of the services we encourage businesses to take advantage of. If your organization is interested in any of the services listed below, or more specific support not outlined below, please reach out to Louise Felker at lmf226@cornell.edu at any point, or submit a request through our website. We also encourage individuals and organizations to reach out to us with any questions or issues through our “Ask an Expert” platform. These questions will be directed to the appropriate team member. These services in combination with our workshop programming allow us to equip food businesses with the knowledge and tools to flourish.

• Lab for Molecular Typing: The lab offers a wide variety of technologies to subtype, identify, and characterize microorganisms to the genus, species, subspecies, and subtype level including Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS). Services are strictly confidential. We do not submit isolates or patterns to the CDC unless specifically requested by the submitter/customer. A considerable number of companies use our services to enhance their environmental monitoring programs or to help troubleshoot microbiological issues.
• Pathogen Environmental Monitoring Validation Services: We are available to review or assist in the development of your pathogen environmental monitoring programs. We also validate environmental monitoring programs through plant visits with collection of samples; this will help you determine whether your program is designed and implemented correctly to identify any issues you may have; we can also design these visits to represent mock FDA “swabathons”, helping you ensure your company is ready for a visit by the FDA or another regulatory agency.
• Process Authority Review: For those who require a scheduled process to begin processing a dairy food product, our team member Rob Ralyea will review your proposed process for food safety. This process review will then be submitted to your regulatory authority for their approval. We also will refer you to other Cornell process authorities if you need help with non-dairy processes.
• Food Safety Plan Review: Our team members are instructors of both HACCP and Preventive Controls for Human Food curricula, and are qualified to review or assist in developing your facility’s food safety plan. This service is useful for facilities who have an existing plan, are in the process of developing a new plan, or who are modifying their HACCP plan to meet the requirements of a FSMA food safety plan.
• Gap Audit: Gap audits are used to identify areas for improvement in your food safety or quality system, and are a great way to prepare for a GFSI audit. Kimberly Bukowski, who is also an SQF auditor, visits your facility to evaluate both documentation and personnel/operational practices to help identify gaps in your systems.
• On-site consulting: Extension personnel visit and consult with dairy processors to help troubleshoot or improve the food safety and quality of their products. Examples include visits to assess technical issues including quality, spoilage, or food safety concerns, food defense plan review, and special project consultation, and documentation review.
• Milk Quality Improvement Program: Offers targeted fee-for-service microbiological and sensory testing to assist dairy processors with troubleshooting quality issues. Services include testing for groups of spoilage organisms, identification and subtyping, defect identification, and more.
• Sensory Evaluation Center: Services include Consumer Acceptability, Preference, and Discrimination Testing. In addition, the program provides consultations in all matters related to sensory product testing: appropriateness of particular test methods, study sample size, questionnaire design, statistics, and analyses, sample blinding, and serving sizes, to name a few.
• Institute for Food Safety COVID-19 Resources: This website is consistently updated with relevant resources and information for the food industry. Resources include information on upcoming industry office hours, weekly videos, templates and trainings, and updates on laws, regulations, and regulatory guidance.
• On-farm Rapid Response Team: Offers timely assistance to NY dairy processors to troubleshoot farm related quality and safety issues  ​
• Alcaine Research Group (ARG) Dairy Lab: Quality control, waste reduction, and new product development opportunities
• Food Processing Development Laboratory (FPDL): The Cornell Food Processing Development Laboratory (FPDL) is a licensed dairy plant in NY State and offers a unique food product development and manufacturing space that allows individuals and companies to perform research, develop new products, and start new food related businesses. Recognizing the diverse needs of industry, we offer an opportunity to utilize this facility under four different types of arrangements (see flyer here):

• 1. Product Testing: For small scale pilot research projects that can be completed in 100 days or less.
  2. Cheese and Dairy Product Incubator: Designed for companies who do not have an existing facility, the FPDL can be used for initial product development and production.
  3. Cheese and Dairy Product Incubator (Level II): Designed for companies who do not have an existing facility, but have done prior product development or for companies that have an existing facility but require an outside facility for specialized needs.
  4. Contract Manufacturing and Product Development: For small scale manufacturing and pilot production (e.g. identifying processing issues, optimizing processes prior to large scale manufacturing, samples for market research).

If you need help with anything else that is not listed here, please also contact us – it is likely that we have the resources to help you.

Gram Negative Bacteria Infographic

Practical tip of the month

Nicole Martin

Gram-negatives provide more information about post-pasteurization contamination than coliforms

Do you want to improve your fluid milk quality? Start testing your finished product for total Gram-negative bacteria in addition to coliforms.

It’s not surprising that after a century of monitoring processed dairy products for coliforms, much of the industry has become adept at eliminating these contaminants. In our long-term monitoring program, the Voluntary Shelf-Life (VSL) program, we’ve seen coliform prevalence in pasteurized fluid milk steadily drop over the last 20 years. But that doesn’t mean that rates of post-pasteurization contamination (PPC) in fluid milk have declined, on the contrary, this is still a major issue for many fluid milk processors. So, you may be asking yourself if coliforms are not frequently detected in the finished product, how do we know there is PPC? The answer starts with the bacterial cell wall. There are two main types of bacterial cell walls, we call these Gram-positive and Gram-negative – named for Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram who developed a method for classifying bacteria by their cell wall properties. The important difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as it pertains to PPC, is that Gram-negative bacteria are very heat sensitive, meaning they are easily killed by pasteurization. When Gram-negative bacteria are detected in pasteurized dairy products it’s very likely that they were introduced after the heat treatment – they are therefore indicators of PPC.

In current fluid milk supplies, the primary types of bacteria that are contaminating pasteurized fluid milk after pasteurization are non-coliform Gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas. In fact, a recent study from the Milk Quality Improvement Program determined that of 132 samples with PPC, Pseudomonas was the primary cause in 101 of those samples. Fluid milk processors who aren’t testing for Gram-negative bacteria are not likely to catch PPC when it happens – this leads to marketplace failures and unhappy customers.

If you’re convinced that monitoring your pasteurized fluid milk for Gram-negative bacteria is the right move, there are a couple of methods that you can use. The standard method for detection of Gram-negative bacteria uses Crystal Violet Tetrazolium Agar (CVTA), but this method may be challenging for processors without the capability of making traditional agar in-house. Fortunately, our team recently developed a method to detect Gram-negative bacteria in fluid milk by modifying the Coliform Petrifilm method. In short, simply incubating Coliform Petrifilm for an additional 24 hours (a total of 48 hours) then counting any growth, with or without gas production, provides a simple way to quickly determine if the product is contaminated with Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas.

We’ve seen great results from fluid milk processors who implement Gram-negative testing in their overall quality program. If you have any questions on how to get started with this method, feel free to reach out for more information.

Practical Tip of the Month

Gas Production in Cheese

Cheesemakers are tasked with making a product that has a life of its own while also trying to be as consistent as possible. There are several types of issues that can arise that lead to unwanted gas production, ultimately causing cheese blowing, flavor and odor defects, and the creation of slits and cracks. These issues are costly to plants, and leave consumers with an unpleasant taste in their mouth (literally)!

The below table outlines several different types of these issues, their sources, the types of cheeses that are impacted, and hallmark characteristics of these gassy issues.

For further questions about cheese defects, please reach out to Dr. Sam Alcaine, alcaine@cornell.edu or Rob Ralyea, rdr10@cornell.edu.