Over the course of the pandemic, I have also contributed my research and design skills as part of a research team exploring the fit and function of children’s face masks. Throughout this research study, an extensive literature review has been conducted on a myriad of topics related to face masks, anthropometrics, materials, children’s breathing rates, and so much more. Printed copies of the following references are used in the BeMask’d physical installation as artistic backdrop materials, and reference citation information can be found below.
Reference List
Abulhassan, Y., & Davis, G. A. (2020). Considerations for the transportation of school aged children amid the Coronavirus pandemic. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 9, 100290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100290
Ahn, J. H., Kim, J.M., Hong, S. P., Choi, S. Y., Yang, M. J., Ju, Y. S., Kim, Y. T., Kim, H. M., Rahman, M. T., Chung, M. K., Hong, S. D., Bae, H., Lee, C. -S., & Koh, G. Y. (2021). Nasal ciliated cells are primary targets for SARS-CoV-2 replication in the early stage of COVID-19. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(13):e148517. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI148517
Akagi, F., Haraga, I., Inage, S., & Akiyoshi, K. (2020). Effect of sneezing on the flow around a face shield. Physics of Fluids, 32, 127105. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0031150
Bakhit, M., Krzyzaniak, N., Scott, A. M., Clark, J., Glasziou, P., & Del Mar, C. (2021). Downsides of face masks and possible mitigation strategies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 11, e044364. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044364
Beydon, N., Davis, S. D., Lombardi, E., Allen, J. L., Arets, H. G. M., Aurora, P., Bisgaard, H., Davis, G. M., Ducharme, F. M., Eigen, H., Gappa, M., Gaultier, C., Gustafsson, P. M., Hall, G. L., Hantos, Z., Healy, M. J. R., Jones, M. H., Klug, B., Carlsen, K. C. L., … Wilson, N. M. (2007). An official American Thoracis Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Pulmonary function testing in preschool children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 175(12), 1304-1345. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200605-642ST
Bhattacharjee, S., Bahl, P., de Silva, C., Doolan, C., Chughtai, A. A., Heslop, D., & MacIntyre, C. R. (2021). Experimental evidence for the optimal design of a high-performing cloth mask. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 7, 2791-2802. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00368
Brooks, J. T., Beezhold, D. H., Noti, J. D., Coyle, J. P., Derk, R. C., Blachere, F. M., & Lindsley, W. G. (2021, February 19). Maximizing fit for cloth and medical procedure masks to improve performance and reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and exposure, 2021 (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Series 70, Issue 7). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7007e1.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, December 18). Guidance for K-12 School Administrators on the Use of Masks in Schools. CDC.gov. https://cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/cloth-face-cover.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, May 7). Science brief: Community use of cloth masks to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. CDC.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/masking-science-sars-cov2.html
Child, F., Clayton, S., Davies, S., Fryer, A. A., Jones, P. W., & Lenney, W. (2001). How should airways resistance be measured in young children: Mask or mouthpiece? European Respiratory Journal, 17, 1244-1249.
Clapp, P. W., Sickbert-Bennett, E. E., Samet, J. M., Berntsen, J., Zeman, K. L., Anderson, D. J., Weber, D. J., & Bennett, W. D. (2020, December 10). Evaluation of cloth masks and modified procedure masks as personal protective equipment for the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8168
Clase, C. M., Fu, E. L., Ashur, A., Beale, R. C. L., Clase, I. A., Dolovich, M. B., Jardine, M. J., Joseph, M., Kansiime, G., Mann, J. F. E., Pecoits-Filho, P., Winkelmayer, W. C., Carrero, J. J. (2020, October). Forgotten technology in the COVID-19 pandemic: Filtration properties of cloth and cloth masks – a narrative review. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 95(10), 2204-2224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.020
Courtney, J. M., & Bax, A. (2021). Hydrating the respiratory tract: an alternative explanation why masks lower severity of COVID-19. Biophysical journal, 120(6), 994–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.002
De Silva, A. P., Niriella, M. A., & de Silva, H. J. (2020). Masks in COVID-19: let’s unmask the evidence. Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2021.1838277
Eberhart, M., Orthaber, S., & Kerbl, R. (2021). The impact of face masks on children – A mini review. Acta Paediatrica, 00, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15784
Esposito, S., & Principi, N. (2020). To mask or not to mask children to overcome COVID-19. European Journal of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03674-9
Fikenzer, S., Uhe, T., Lavall, D., Rudolph, U., Falz, R., Busse, M., Hepp, P., & Laufs, U. (2020, July 6). Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Clinical Research in Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-020-01704-y
Fischer, E. P., Fischer, M. C., Grass, D., Henrion, I., Warren, W. S., & Westman, E. (2020, September 2). Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech. Science Advances, 6 (36), eabd3083. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd3083
Ginsburg, A. S., Lenahan, J. L., Izadnegahdar, R., & Ansermino, J. M. (2018, May 1). A systematic review of tools to measure respiratory rate in order to identify childhood pneumonia. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 197(9), 1116-1127.
Goh, D. Y. T., Mun, M. W., Lee, W.L. J., Teoh, O. H., & Rajgor, D. D. (2019). A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the safety, fit, comfort of a novel N95 mask in children. Scientific Reports, 9(18952). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55451-w
Hao, W., Xu, G., & Wang, Y. (2021). Factors influencing the filtration performance of homemade face masks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 18(3), 128-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2020.1868482
Howard, J., Huang, A., Li, Z., Tufekci, Z., Zdimanl, V., ven der Westhuizen, H. -M., von Delft, A., Price, A., Fridman, L. Tan, L. -H., Tang, V., Watson, G. L., Bax, C. E., Shaikh, R., Questier, F., Hernandez, D., Chu, L. F., Ramirez, C. M., & Rimoin, A. W. (2020). An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19. Preprints.org. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0203.v4
Lee, W. (2013). Development of a design methodology of pilot oxygen mask using 3D facial scan data. Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang.
Li, Y., Tokura, H., Guo, Y. P., Wong, A. S. W., Wong, T., Chung, J., & Newton, E. (2005). Effects of wearing N95 and surgical facemasks on heart rate, thermal stress and subjective sensations. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 78,501-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-004-0584-4
Lindsley, W. G., Blachere, F. M., Law, B. F., Beezhold, D. H., & Noti, J. D. (2020). Efficacy of face masks, neck gaiters and face shields for reducing the expulsion of simulated cough-generated aerosols. Aerosol Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080.02786826.2020.1862409
Lubrano, R., Bloise, S., Testa, A., Marcellino, A., Dilillo, A., Mallardo, S., Isoldi, S., Martucci, V., Sanseviero, M., Del Giudice, E., Malvaso, C., Iorfida, D., & Ventriglia, F. (2021). Assessment of respiratory function in infants and young children wearing face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 4(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen
Milner, A. D., & Ingram, D. (1970). Peak expiratory flow rates in children under 5 years of age. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 45, 780-782.
Ortelan, N., Ferreira, A. J. F., Leite, L., Pescarini, J. M., Souto, A. C., Barreto, M. L., & Aquino, E. M. L. (2021). Cloth masks in public places: An exxential intervention to prevent COVID-19 in Brazil. Ciência & Saudé Colevita, 26(2), 669-692. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232021262.36702020
Pereira, C. B., Yu, X., Czaplik, M., Rossaint, R., Blazek, V., & Leonhardt, S. (2015). Remote monitoring of breathing dynamics using infrared thermography. Biomedical Optics Express, 6(11), 4378-4394. https://doi.org/10.1364/BOE.6.004378
Salter, S. (2021). Reinventing cloth masks in the face of pandemics. Risk Analysis, 41(5), 731-744. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13602
Schreinemakers, J. R. C., Oudenhuijzen, A. J. K., van Amerongen, P. C. G. M., & Kon, M. (2013) Oxygen mask fit analysis in F-16 fighter pilots using 3D imaging. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 84, 1029-1033.
Simoes, E. A. F., Roark, R., Berman, S., Esler, L. L., & Murphy, J. (1991). Respiratory rate: Measurement of variability over time and accuracy at different counting periods. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 66,(10), 1199-1203. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.66.10.1199
Solano, T., Mittal, R., & Shoele, K. (2021). One size fits all? A simulation framework for face-mask fit on population-based faces. Plos One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252143
Spitzer, M. (2020). Masked education? The benefits and burdens of wearing face masks in schools during the current Corona pandemic. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 20, 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2020.100138
Stocks, J., Kirkby, J., & Lum, S. (2014). How to avoid misinterpreting lung function tests in children: A few practical tips. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 15,170-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2014.02.001
Szeinberg, A., Marcotte, J. E., Roizin, H., Mindorff, C., England, S., Tabachnik, E., & Levison, H. (1987). Normal values of maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures with a portable apparatus in children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatric Pulmonology, 3, 255-258.
Tcharkhtchi, A., Abbasnezhad, N., Seydani, M. Z., Zirak, N., Farzaneh, S., & Shirinbayan, M. (2021). An overview of filtration efficiency through the masks: Mechanisms of the aerosols penetration. Bioactive Materials, 6, 106-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002
UNICEF, & World Health Organization. (2020, August 21). Advice on the Use of Masks for Children in the Community in the Context of COVID-19 (Annex to the Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19). UNICEF and the World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPC_Masks-Children-2020.1
Young, J. W. (1966, April). Selected facial measurements of children for oxygen-mask design (AM66-9). U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Aviation Medicine.