by

Department Store Industry

1: INDUSTRY OVERVIEW: DEPARTMENT STORES

Department stores are large retail outlets that contain numerous individual shops, providing a wide range of product lines. Department stores most oftentimes consist of the following product categories:

1)      Food

2)      Cosmetics

3)      Shoes and Accessories

4)      Clothing

5)      Interior Décor

6)      Restaurants

Depending on the type of department store, department stores can offer a much wider range of products, including furniture, toys, electronics, books, etc.

Department stores come in a wide range of qualities and prices. There are such things as “high-end department stores”, which would focus purely on offering high-profile brands and products, while there are more mass-market targeting department stores, which are more likely to include a wider range of products, including practical household products.

That said, department stores will oftentimes try to cater to specific types of market segments. Particularly in the case of department stores in large cities, each department store will try to position itself differently from its direct and nearby competitors: some will try to cater to younger generations, while some will try to cater to the older generations. Some will try to cater to those interested in mainstream brands, while others will focus more on boutique, independent brands.

In the US, the department store industry includes approximately 20 companies operating roughly 3,500 stores. Major department stores in the US include: Sears, JCPenney, Macy’s, and Dillard’s. The industry earns an annual revenue of around $60 billion USD, 95% of which is earned by the largest 8 companies in the industry.

Some links about the industry:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store

http://vspages.com/mall-vs-department-store-5580/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall

http://www.hoovers.com/industry/department-stores/1529-1.html

 

SPACE

2a: Implicit or Explicit?

From the department store owner’s standpoint, I would say that space is often sold explicitly, as they would charge the tenants per the size of the lease space. On the other hand, for stalls or booths set up in more open areas of the department store, space may be considered more implicit, as these spaces may be sold with less correlation to the exact size of the space.

2b: Ways of Splitting Space

Department stores have different types of spaces within the building that cater to their customers. The most typical type is the space split by fixed walls into one unit, and can usually be shut off or closed by a door or a shutter. These spaces cannot easily be adjusted in terms of size and layout without investment of significant time and money. These fixed spaces are generally leased out to a specific brand or company, such as Zara, Coach, Burberry, etc.

 

Then there is the semi-fixed space, such as the department store areas dedicated to selling cosmetics or shoes. These are oftentimes open areas in which a specific brand or merchandising line take up certain spaces, but are not divided up by physical walls or entryways. These areas are much more flexible in terms of changing the products being handled, given that one area can easily be changed to carry one brand/line from another; however, certain fixtures used for the displays will be fixed, and hence less flexible to change from a layout perspective.

 

There is also open space, in which temporary booths or stalls are built to sell a smaller line of products or services.

Different from other uses of store space is the use of space to purely focus on selling experiential services. For department stores, the focus generally remains on selling physical products. However, there are rare instances when space is allocated to selling services—one case being when department stores are attached to movie theaters.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2c: Creating Additional Revenue

One of the most standard ways for department stores to create additional revenue is by holding major seasonal sales. Because the product life cycle of clothes tends to be fairly short, many stores have inventory left over by the time they have to replace old products with new products. Having a highly publicized sale allows for these leftover products to be sold, be it at a lower price than its retail value.

One key to making people spend more money is to convince people to stay out shopping longer. A way to do this is to provide adequate opportunity for people to take a break from shopping and rest. Many department stores provide these venues by creating food courts—or in high-end places by providing patisseries or coffee shops at which people can recharge before going back to shop some more.

I also think one of the more creative ways in which department stores have used their space to create additional revenue is through creative use of its open space. Another approach department stores can use to bring people to their stores is to provide an additional incentive to go to that location. A common approach used to achieve this in the U.S. has been to create playgrounds in the open areas of the department stores. This service often incentivizes families to go to a department store, simply because it allows an opportunity for their children to play.

 One more approach commonly used in Japanese department stores to bring more people to the site is to host certain “festivals” or special events in their open space. For example, department stores would often host weekly “mini fairs” on either the ground floor or the top floor, in which one area of the department store would be devoted to hosting jewelry/clothes/food from brands and shops that usually were not represented at the department store. The content would be changed frequently, and the department store would often be able to bring new people into the store by publicizing new, limited-time genres of offerings at their store.

2d: Potential New Ways of Splitting Space

There are several different directions department stores could potentially go in terms of splitting space differently. One direction would be to use space to create more personalized services to customers. Many of the spaces in department stores are “public”, but allocating a portion of space at high-end stores to allow for “private” space may allow for varying experiences for customers. Customers would be charged a premium for making use of these private spaces.

Another potential use may be to make the spaces more flexible. Instead of sticking with a model that leans heavily toward having “fixed” spaces, changing to a model in which it would be much simpler, cheaper, and quicker to change tenants may be an attractive approach for department stores that are pursuing a more trendy, up-to-date feel.

3: TIME

3a: Implicit or Explicit?

Department stores generally sell time implicitly: this is because the product being sold generally isn’t associated with a particular time limit. For example, it is not like a massage, where you are buying 60 minutes worth of service. The transaction is associated with a physical product unattached to time.

3c: Selling Time Explicitly

Time is currently being sold explicitly at certain department stores, although these cases are generally not a reflection of its overall business model. For example, some department stores may include shops that offer time-explicit services. Some department stores have massage shops, which are time-based service sales.

 As another example, some department stores in Japan have small football fields on their rooftops, which people can rent out on an hourly basis.

(http://www.futaba-sp.com/omiya/2010/03/post-23.html)

 

 

Some department stores also include game centers for children—some of these entertainment options include machines that run for a set period of time per game.

 

 

 

Department stores will often have restaurants on one of their floors. These restaurants can often choose to set time limits to each group of customers (ex. 2hr limit) to be able to take in more customers during peak times.

(http://www.mitokeisei.co.jp/shop/10_skygarden/11keizan.html)

 

 

 

3d: Creative Things to do with Time

There are a couple things that could be done creatively with time—some of which may already be being done to varying lengths at department stores. One might be to offer some sort of benefit if a certain amount of time is spent within the department store. For example, if a customer was to receive certain benefits if they stayed for 5 hours at a department store on an off-peak day, this could incentivize customers to spend more money during their wait time, and this could also help to improve the image of the department store by maintaining more customers.

 

Another thing they might potentially consider doing is to include shops that provide rental services. Some shops may already do tuxedo/dress rentals, which would be time-based; they could potentially take this further by doing time-based rentals of other high-end luxury clothes and accessories.

4a/b: Physical and Non-Physical Rate Fences

Below are several examples of physical rate fences (owner-tenant relationships are more likely to be involved with physical rate fences than the tenant-customer relationships)

  • (Owner-tenant POV) Depending on the size of the space being rented, owners can choose to increase or decrease the rates
  • (Owner-tenant POV) Certain areas of a department store are likely to be more popular/convenient; hence an owner can charge more depending on the location of the space within the store (http://www.ehow.com/facts_6313023_average-retail-lease_.html)
  • (Tenant-customer POV) For services such as restaurants within the department store, tenants can set rates by charging differently between open areas and private rooms

In terms of non-physical rate fences, I would say that there are many opportunities to create rate fences, depending on the type of service/product the store sells. There are also several opportunities within the owner-tenant relationship:

  • (Owner-tenant POV) Depending on the lease period, the owner can set different rates to charge the tenant
  • (Owner-tenant POV) Depending on the credibility/attractiveness of the tenant, the owner can set different rates
  • (Tenant-customer POV) Depending on the quality of the product, functionality of the product, or time/length of the service, rates can be set differently. There is an enormously wide range of examples of this in department stores. A Gap outlet, for example, may sell a tank top for $10, while a Burberry outlet would sell a similar styled tank top for $150. Similarly, a cell phone with 3G functionality may sell at a cell phone provider outlet at a certain price, while a phone with 4G functionality would sell at a much higher price.

4c: Creative Ways to Set Rate Fences

Some ways I can think of setting rate fences creatively is to perhaps offer more intangible services—rather than just the physical products. For example, an I Love Bangkok t-shirt may only cost $5 at the actual retail shop, but if the customer already knows what he/she wants, but doesn’t want to make the trip up 7 floors and 5 minutes of walking to get there, the store could potentially charge an extra $1 to have the t-shirt brought down to the concierge desk of the department store for a quick pick-up.

274,892 thoughts on “Department Store Industry”

  1. window glazing services near me
    Glazing as the New Aesthetic: Discovering the most recent Fads in Glass Layout

    On the planet of architecture and interior design, glass has become a favored product for its convenience, beauty, and functionality. The current patterns in glass style have transformed the method rooms are constructed, changing them into lively and aesthetic masterpieces. As a leadin

  2. alex the african grey parrot
    Baby African Grey Parrot

    These birds are as intelligent and playful as a five-year-old child. They need a lot attention. They should be able to play, get exercise, go for regular veterinary examinations (with an avian veterinarian), and eat well.

    A baby parrot with its eyes closed is called a neonate. It relies on its human parents or parents for food.

  3. https://tudomuaban.com/chi-tiet-rao-vat/2412053/soc88living.html
    Trong thời đại công nghệ số phát triển như hiện nay, lô đề trực tuyến đã trở thành một hình thức giải trí và đầu tư phổ biến trong nhiều cộng đồng. Không chỉ đem lại niềm vui và hồi hộp cho người chơi, lô đề trực tuyến còn mang đến cơ hội kiếm tiền nhanh chóng. Tuy nhiên, bên cạnh những cơ hội hấp dẫn, người chơi cũng phải đối mặt với nhiều rủi ro ti

  4. ptc124 inhibitor
    Among AFD patients, 9 revealed a FS = 0, and 13 a FS > 1. AFD patients with FS ≥ 1 revealed reduced PALS (29.4 ± 6.7 vs. 37.2 ± 3.9%, < 0.05). Conclusions within the absence of significant alterations in LA dimensions, AFD clients had lower FRIENDS when compared with controls. The inverse association between FRIENDS and existence of WMLs indicates a possible synchronous early invo

  5. duel fuel ovens
    Discover the Best Dual Fuel Range Cookers uk

    Favoured by professional chefs, dual fuel range cookers combine gas and electric elements to offer the most perfect cooking experiences. Explore models from renowned brands that offer catering size capacity as well as professional power and advanced features.

    Choose from freestanding designs in 90

  6. hoki 311
    Mendapat web judi online bisa dipercaya pastinya tidak perihal yang ringan. Anda memanglah tidak salah saat mengucapkan jika mendapatkan situs di jelajahi internet merupakan soal yang paling simpel. Soal ini dipicu Anda perlu masukkan kata rahasia saat sebelum mendapati sisi ini menjadi hasilnya. Layanan yang siapkan permainan ini terang tidak bisa Anda kalkulasi.

    Walau demikian, memperoleh web yang aman malahan jadi lebih susah

  7. best heavy duty bunk beds
    The Best Place to Buy Bunk Beds

    Bunk beds can be a great and space-saving addition to a room for children. The best bunks have solid construction and a variety of features that help them last for years.

    For example, some bunks offer clever storage, such as the Pottery Barn

  8. view publisher site
    Best Automatic Vacuum Cleaner and Mop Combos

    Auto-vacuums and mops are excellent tools to keep your home clean. These machines automatically empty their dirt storage compartments into a base station that sucks up debris after each cleaning session.

    This model excels at both mopping and vacuuming with excellent floor coverag

  9. At Home Lands Holding, we promote a feeling of neighborhood by offering communal land for sale in Sri Lanka, so residents can reside lavishly and participate in actions that foster social interactions and inclusivity. Partnering with a title company or lawyer ensures a clean, risk-free transaction. Standout features could make all of the distinction in a aggressive market. Getting Started Search for respected platforms like SellTheLandNow.com, which connects you with a quantity of consumers simu

  10. LY3537982 cost
    These aspartic acids are most stabilized in a tightly closed conformation that has been observed when linoleic acid is bound, and which also affects the interactions of D614. The D614G mutation is known to modulate the balance of closed to open trimer. It is suggested that D398 in particular contributes to a pH-dependence of the open/closed equilibrium, potentially coupled to the effects of linoleic acid binding an

  11. click here.
    Biewer Yorkshire Terrier Mini

    Biewers need to be socialised and mentally stimulated every day from a young age. If left unattended for long periods of time, they can develop separation anxiety.

    This breed was created in Germany when Yorkshire Terrier breeders discovered a genetic recessive gene that was present in one of their puppies. It has evolved into an individ

  13. rock signaling
    The resulting enhancement in velocity estimation into the heart wall ended up being validated by in vivo experiments. Within the old-fashioned method, the velocity waveform shows spike-like changes. The velocity waveform determined using the recommended method would not display such changes. Due to the fact proposed technique estimates myocardium veloc

  14. c2 zertifikat kaufen
    How to Buy a Goethe Certificate

    The Goethe Institut, an international organization, promotes German culture and language around the globe. Their exams are based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and offer a clear and reliable evaluation of your German skills.

    The tests are based on levels A1 for beginners, to C2 for advanced

  15. ghost car immobiliser
    The Autowatch Ghost Installer

    The autowatch ghost installer is a groundbreaking immobiliser that safeguards your car from key cloning, ECU hacking and prevents key theft. It is silent and does not show any LED indicators.

    It even has a transport mode that can be activated wh

  16. a2 zertifikat kaufen
    Goethe Certificate

    Goethe certificates are internationally accepted German language tests. The levels correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.

    The Goethe-Zertifikat B2 is a German test for children and adults who would like to prove their advanced language level with an official, internationally recognized certificate.
    <

  17. see more
    This review will be disseminated in print by peer-review.

    The identified LncRNAs may be closely linked with NP and may act as potentially useful biomarkers.

    The private information from individuals will not publish. This systematic review also will not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval is not availabl

  18. Angiogenesis inhibitor
    There is a high incidence of acute and chronic skin defects caused by various reasons in clinically practice. The repair and functional reconstruction of skin defects have become a major clinical problem, which needs to be solved urgently. Previous studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) plays a functional role in promoting the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of epithelial cel

  19. range cooker
    Dual Fuel Range Cooker Reviews

    Upgrade your kitchen to a dual-fuel with an incredibly responsive temperature control on the cooktop, as well as precise heating in the oven. These models are for homeowners who appreciate precision baking and cooking.

    Consider your needs in terms of food preparation

  20. csgo case battle
    CS2 Case Battles

    Case battles in CS2 (CSGO) bring excitement to the traditional opening of cases. They are held in special rooms on case-opening websites and the winner is awarded all of the skins dropped by other participants.

    This type of game requires a particular ability. It involves a deep understanding of instances and their rates of

  21. ghost immobiliser price
    Autowatch Ghost 2 Immobiliser Review

    Autowatch ghost 2 is an Tassa certified immobiliser that guards your car against key cloning and theft. This latest version also comes with the ability to use a service mode when your vehicle is driven by a third party (such as when being valeted).

    The device

  23. replacement car key fob cost
    Cheap Car Key Fob Replacement

    Unless your fob is one of the most expensive “smart” models that work with the latest vehicle security systems, replacing it shouldn’t be too expensive. The key is comparison shopping.

    Most dealerships claim they cannot offer lower-cost fobs

  24. best convertible bunk beds
    How to Choose the Best Loft Bunk Beds

    This loft made of wood is a great option for children who are ready to move higher from their toddler bed. It’s constructed in a Fair Trade factory and has a 13-inch guardrail that runs around the upper part of the bed that makes ascents and downs safe for all.

    Some of these loft beds feature

  25. bekijk deze jongens eens
    Daarnaast leveren ze een uitstekende garagedeurmotor. Bij het kopen van nieuwe garagepoorten heeft u de keuze uit een meer info hier of elektrische bediening. Met een handmatige bediening moet u altijd de garagedeur optillen en naar beneden trekken. is soms best zwaar en onhandig als de garagedeur erg hoog is. Met een automatische garagedeur met motor heeft u di

  26. best full size bunk beds
    The Best Bunk Beds to Buy

    Bunk beds are big heavy pieces that require some assembly. You will need a friend to help you with this.

    If you’re restricted in space, a bunk bed that has built-in storage is an excellent alternative. The Harriet Bee Tena, for example,

  27. alex the african grey parrot
    A Scooper Parrot For Sale – Zuri

    Zuri is a smart and lively African grey parrot. He is in search of the same amazing home to be a part of the lives of.

    Vendors surveyed in Togo said that Grey parrot body parts, including heads and whole birds, were traded for spiritual and medicinal purpose

  28. alex the african grey parrot
    The Intelligent African Grey Parrot

    African grey parrots are one of the most popular birds in Europe and America due to their remarkable intelligence. They can even imitate human speech and other sounds.

    This isn’t enough protection for them in the wild where they are seized

  29. csgo case battle
    CSGO Case Battle

    CSGO Case Battle offers a enjoyable alternative to the in-game case system. Players can compete with each other to open cases simultaneously which creates excitement and anticipation as the value of items dropped changes. Understanding this mode requires an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of cases and drop rates.

    The player or team with

  30. Repair My Windows And Doors
    French Door Window Frame Replacement

    French door window frames let natural light and air to enter rooms. They also add style and a romantic look.

    When French doors require repair, it usually involves replacing the glass panes. This procedure is similar to the repair of sliding window glass. It’s mor

  31. VEGFR receptor
    In inclusion, the outcomes for the biosafety assay claim that the tumor-targeted T1/T2 switchable CA comes with favorable biocompatibility for cancer diagnosis.While the underlying principles of simplex optimisation are really easy to understand as well as the small number of test experiments included make the approach really appealing, there are lots of important p

  32. why not look here
    Cost of Replacing Window With French Doors

    A new set of French doors is a wonderful addition to any home. They let in plenty of light, add security, and enhance the curb appeal of your home.

    Installing French doors is best left to experts. The cost of replacing a window with French doors varies by size and sty

  34. what is a ghost immobiliser
    Ghost II Immobiliser

    Guard your vehicle against key-cloning, hacking and car theft. It’s silent and inaccessible by potential thieves because it doesn’t make use of LED indicators or key-fobs to alert them to its presence.

    It can also be temporarily di

  35. land sale company in sri lanka
    However, when you have no plans or simply wish to sell, now might be the moment to do it here on Hitad.lk. Just enter the primary points and the requirements you want and you should have one of the best featured list of obtainable lands in Colombo. Make certain to make use of our search option to filter out the best listings available. Selling your land right here in Colombo is also convenient with Hitad.lk; all

  36. 債務重組收費
    在當今的世界中，快節奏的財務安全經常可以感覺就像一個遙遠的夢對於某些人。隨著增加生活費用以及意外的費用，債務可以簡單積累，導致壓力那是壓倒。但是不要害怕 – 有工作方法例如IVA債務重組和DRP債務和解會鋪平那怎麼樣走向更光明的未來這當然是經濟的。了解這些原則，以及破產，貸款和借款的影響，至關重要對於任何人尋求恢復控制他們的財務狀況。

    某人自願安排（IVA）真的合約這當然是正式的一個人和他們的債權人定居債務結束了固定持續時間，通常為五到六年。這個程序是特別的非常治療那些有累積的債務是無抵押的必須避免破產。經過進入一個人，個人可以減少他們的每月賬單並從根本上組成一部分離開他們的債務

  37. SEL120-34A clinical trial
    Statin therapy is used ubiquitously to reduce cholesterol levels, and recent studies have revealed statin use may be associated with a reduced risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A comprehensive assessment of the literature was performed to investigate whether statin use may influence the risk of new-onset IBD. We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus online databases, for

  38. African Grey Parrot
    The Intelligent

    African greys are a favorite because of their ability talk however they also possess a high level of intelligence. The research conducted by Dr. Irene Pepperberg on her own chatty African Grey, Alex, proves just how smart these birds are.

    This smart bird needs plenty of mental stimulation to remain healthy and happy. Offering a variety of safe, no

  39. JAM TANGAN BAGUS, JAM TANGAN BERKUALITAS, JAM TANGAN ASLI
    Laundry PGSAFTY adalah usaha nan berjalan di bidang jasa cuci busana atau pun perlengkapan lain nya , dengan menagcuhkan jasa maksimum pada setiap konsumen servis kami , demi menolong para pengguna jasa kami agar dapat merawat kualitas barang yakin elok

    Laundry PGSAFTY memegang visi misi yang di antaranya :

    VISI :

    sebagai industri Jasa Laundry ahl

  41. selleckchem
    1, 95% CI 2.9-5.8, P < 2× 10

    ]. In cancer types that showed no relationship between CD8 T-cell levels and neoantigen load, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and glioma, TMB-H tumors failed to achieve a 20% ORR (ORR= 15.3%, 95% CI 9.2-23.4, P= 0.95), and exhibited a significantly lower ORR relative to TMB-L tumors (OR= 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.88, P= 0.02). Bulk ORRs were not significantly different between the two ca

  42. Britta yorkshire terrier welpen kaufen​
    Buy Axel Terrier Puppies

    The ideal dog breed will be able to match the rhythm of your family, whether you’re looking for a fun playmate or a loyal companion. Take into consideration factors such as the amount of activity and size of adults, as well as grooming requirements to ident

  43. ویزای گلوبال تلنت
    ویزای گلوبال تلنت انگلستان نه تنها به شما اجازه می‌دهد در یکی از پیشرفته‌ترین کشورهای جهان زندگی و کار کنید، بلکه مزایای بسیاری دیگری نیز برای شما به همراه دارد. در این بخش، برخی از مهم‌ترین مزایای این ویزا را بررسی خواهیم کرد.

    فرصت‌های شغلی بی‌نظیر

    انعطاف‌پذیری شغلی: با ویزای گلوبال تلنت، شما می‌توانید به عنوان کارمند، کارآفرین، یا حتی به صورت فریلنسر فعالی

  44. Ceftaroline
    2%; p = 0.03) compared with those without prior treatment. Use of ACEi or ARB was not independently associated with lower incidence of the combined endpoint [Adjusted OR 0.675 (95% CI 0.298-1.528; p = 0.146)], but it was associated with lower mortality [Adjusted OR 0.550 (95% CI 0.304-0.930; p = 0.047)].

    The use of ACEi or ARB was associated with less incidence of all-

  45. Axel terrier welpen kaufen​
    Buy Marta Mini Yorkshire Terrier

    There is no “teacup Yorkie.” Responsible breeders will never sell you a dog that weighs smaller than 4.4 pounds.

    These small dogs have fragile bones that could easily break. They should not be left to play with children.
    <b

  46. hoki311
    satu diantara hal yang wajib anda lihat secara baik waktu mulai pilih web biro judi poker atau slots online merupakan modal yang perlu anda persiapkan. dalam perjudian online apa saja, modal adalah sisi penting yang wajib anda persiapkan dengan benar serta baik. anda harus mempunyai modal buat dapat main yang mana selanjutnya modal itu anda akan setorkan dalam betuk deposit. tapi barangkali waktu ini lebih banyak yang memilik kekurangan saat berma

  47. hoki311
    bermain di blog judi slots online yang profesional itu akan beri keuntungan banyak petaruhnya. dengan beberapa keuntungan yang ada, betaruh bakal makin semangat di saat main. dengan pilih situs slots online yang benar dan profesional, bakal ada sejumlah keuntungan yang didapat. berikut merupakan sejumlah keuntungan main dalam website slots online mempunyai pengalaman.

    mendapati bonus

    situs slots yang udah mempu

  48. NPY receptor
    Therefore, management methods and reproduction technologies in livestock were created in the last few years to enhance animal benefit. In particular , genomic choice can be used to improve livestock personal behavior, resilience to illness and other stress aspects, and ease habituation to manufacturing system changes. The primary requirements for including book behavior

  49. https://glassfortune.com/
    buat anda yang mencintai mesin permainan slots online anda sebaiknya mesti mengerti lebih dulu bandar judi slots terbaik, janganlah sampai anda salah cara yang mana dapat berpengaruh fatal kepada taruhan anda. simak dengan benar dan baik jika memang segalanya mesti di dalami secara bagus biar lantas anda dapat menunjuk salah satunya alternatif web agen slots yang lebih cepat serta mudah.

    di

  50. Opdivo
    Urate transporters, which are located in the kidneys, significantly affect the level of uric acid in the body. We looked at genetic variants of genes encoding the major reabsorption proteins GLUT9 (SLC2A9) and URAT1 (SLC22A12) and their association with hyperuricemia and gout. In a cohort of 250 individuals with primary hyperuricemia and gout, we used direct sequencing to examine the SLC22A12 and SLC2A9 genes. Identified v

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *