1: INDUSTRY OVERVIEW: DEPARTMENT STORES
Department stores are large retail outlets that contain numerous individual shops, providing a wide range of product lines. Department stores most oftentimes consist of the following product categories:
1) Food
2) Cosmetics
3) Shoes and Accessories
4) Clothing
5) Interior Décor
6) Restaurants
Depending on the type of department store, department stores can offer a much wider range of products, including furniture, toys, electronics, books, etc.
Department stores come in a wide range of qualities and prices. There are such things as “high-end department stores”, which would focus purely on offering high-profile brands and products, while there are more mass-market targeting department stores, which are more likely to include a wider range of products, including practical household products.
That said, department stores will oftentimes try to cater to specific types of market segments. Particularly in the case of department stores in large cities, each department store will try to position itself differently from its direct and nearby competitors: some will try to cater to younger generations, while some will try to cater to the older generations. Some will try to cater to those interested in mainstream brands, while others will focus more on boutique, independent brands.
In the US, the department store industry includes approximately 20 companies operating roughly 3,500 stores. Major department stores in the US include: Sears, JCPenney, Macy’s, and Dillard’s. The industry earns an annual revenue of around $60 billion USD, 95% of which is earned by the largest 8 companies in the industry.
Some links about the industry:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store
http://vspages.com/mall-vs-department-store-5580/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall
http://www.hoovers.com/industry/department-stores/1529-1.html
SPACE
2a: Implicit or Explicit?
From the department store owner’s standpoint, I would say that space is often sold explicitly, as they would charge the tenants per the size of the lease space. On the other hand, for stalls or booths set up in more open areas of the department store, space may be considered more implicit, as these spaces may be sold with less correlation to the exact size of the space.
2b: Ways of Splitting Space
Department stores have different types of spaces within the building that cater to their customers. The most typical type is the space split by fixed walls into one unit, and can usually be shut off or closed by a door or a shutter. These spaces cannot easily be adjusted in terms of size and layout without investment of significant time and money. These fixed spaces are generally leased out to a specific brand or company, such as Zara, Coach, Burberry, etc.
Then there is the semi-fixed space, such as the department store areas dedicated to selling cosmetics or shoes. These are oftentimes open areas in which a specific brand or merchandising line take up certain spaces, but are not divided up by physical walls or entryways. These areas are much more flexible in terms of changing the products being handled, given that one area can easily be changed to carry one brand/line from another; however, certain fixtures used for the displays will be fixed, and hence less flexible to change from a layout perspective.
There is also open space, in which temporary booths or stalls are built to sell a smaller line of products or services.
Different from other uses of store space is the use of space to purely focus on selling experiential services. For department stores, the focus generally remains on selling physical products. However, there are rare instances when space is allocated to selling services—one case being when department stores are attached to movie theaters.
2c: Creating Additional Revenue
One of the most standard ways for department stores to create additional revenue is by holding major seasonal sales. Because the product life cycle of clothes tends to be fairly short, many stores have inventory left over by the time they have to replace old products with new products. Having a highly publicized sale allows for these leftover products to be sold, be it at a lower price than its retail value.
One key to making people spend more money is to convince people to stay out shopping longer. A way to
do this is to provide adequate opportunity for people to take a break from shopping and rest. Many department stores provide these venues by creating food courts—or in high-end places by providing patisseries or coffee shops at which people can recharge before going back to shop some more.
I also think one of the more creative ways in which department stores have used their space to create additional revenue is through creative use of its open space. Another approach department stores can use to bring people to their stores is to provide an additional incentive to go to that location. A common approach used to achieve this in the U.S. has been to create playgrounds in the open areas of the department stores. This service often incentivizes families to go to a department store, simply because it allows an opportunity for their children to play.
One more approach commonly used in Japanese department stores to bring more people to the site is to host certain “festivals” or special events in their open space. For example, department stores would often host weekly “mini fairs” on either the ground floor or the top floor, in which one area of the department store would be devoted to hosting jewelry/clothes/food from brands and shops that usually were not represented at the department store. The content would be changed frequently, and the department store would often be able to bring new people into the store by publicizing new, limited-time genres of offerings at their store.
2d: Potential New Ways of Splitting Space
There are several different directions department stores could potentially go in terms of splitting space differently. One direction would be to use space to create more personalized services to customers. Many of the spaces in department stores are “public”, but allocating a portion of space at high-end stores to allow for “private” space may allow for varying experiences for customers. Customers would be charged a premium for making use of these private spaces.
Another potential use may be to make the spaces more flexible. Instead of sticking with a model that leans heavily toward having “fixed” spaces, changing to a model in which it would be much simpler, cheaper, and quicker to change tenants may be an attractive approach for department stores that are pursuing a more trendy, up-to-date feel.
3: TIME
3a: Implicit or Explicit?
Department stores generally sell time implicitly: this is because the product being sold generally isn’t associated with a particular time limit. For example, it is not like a massage, where you are buying 60 minutes worth of service. The transaction is associated with a physical product unattached to time.
3c: Selling Time Explicitly
Time is currently being sold explicitly at certain department stores, although these cases are generally not a reflection of its overall business model. For example, some department stores may include shops that offer time-explicit services. Some department stores have massage shops, which are time-based service sales.
As another example, some department stores in Japan have small football fields on their rooftops, which people can rent out on an hourly basis.
(http://www.futaba-sp.com/omiya/2010/03/post-23.html)
Some department stores also include game centers for children—some of these entertainment options include machines that run for a set period of time per game.
Department stores will often have restaurants on one of their floors. These restaurants can often choose to set time limits to each group of customers (ex. 2hr limit) to be able to take in more customers during peak times.
(http://www.mitokeisei.co.jp/shop/10_skygarden/11keizan.html)
3d: Creative Things to do with Time
There are a couple things that could be done creatively with time—some of which may already be being done to varying lengths at department stores. One might be to offer some sort of benefit if a certain amount of time is spent within the department store. For example, if a customer was to receive certain benefits if they stayed for 5 hours at a department store on an off-peak day, this could incentivize customers to spend more money during their wait time, and this could also help to improve the image of the department store by maintaining more customers.
Another thing they might potentially consider doing is to include shops that provide rental services. Some shops may already do tuxedo/dress rentals, which would be time-based; they could potentially take this further by doing time-based rentals of other high-end luxury clothes and accessories.
4a/b: Physical and Non-Physical Rate Fences
Below are several examples of physical rate fences (owner-tenant relationships are more likely to be involved with physical rate fences than the tenant-customer relationships)
- (Owner-tenant POV) Depending on the size of the space being rented, owners can choose to increase or decrease the rates
- (Owner-tenant POV) Certain areas of a department store are likely to be more popular/convenient; hence an owner can charge more depending on the location of the space within the store (http://www.ehow.com/facts_6313023_average-retail-lease_.html)
- (Tenant-customer POV) For services such as restaurants within the department store, tenants can set rates by charging differently between open areas and private rooms
In terms of non-physical rate fences, I would say that there are many opportunities to create rate fences, depending on the type of service/product the store sells. There are also several opportunities within the owner-tenant relationship:
- (Owner-tenant POV) Depending on the lease period, the owner can set different rates to charge the tenant
- (Owner-tenant POV) Depending on the credibility/attractiveness of the tenant, the owner can set different rates
- (Tenant-customer POV) Depending on the quality of the product, functionality of the product, or time/length of the service, rates can be set differently. There is an enormously wide range of examples of this in department stores. A Gap outlet, for example, may sell a tank top for $10, while a Burberry outlet would sell a similar styled tank top for $150. Similarly, a cell phone with 3G functionality may sell at a cell phone provider outlet at a certain price, while a phone with 4G functionality would sell at a much higher price.
4c: Creative Ways to Set Rate Fences
Some ways I can think of setting rate fences creatively is to perhaps offer more intangible services—rather than just the physical products. For example, an I Love Bangkok t-shirt may only cost $5 at the actual retail shop, but if the customer already knows what he/she wants, but doesn’t want to make the trip up 7 floors and 5 minutes of walking to get there, the store could potentially charge an extra $1 to have the t-shirt brought down to the concierge desk of the department store for a quick pick-up.
4 seater leather sofa recliner
4 Seater Corner Sofa Leather
A leather corner sofa is a great option for entertaining guests, or just relaxing on a Sunday. These couches will maximize the space in your living space while adding a touch of luxury.
The Astrid sofa from Heal comes in two sizes, and includes an armchair and a love seat and a sofa. The lavish cushions are available i
Tyloxapol price
Level of Evidence IV, Analyses with no sensitivity analyses.The ethical dilemma (ED) of whether autonomous vehicles (AVs) should protect the passengers or pedestrians when harm is unavoidable has been widely researched and debated. Several behavioral scientists have sought public opinion on this issue, based on the premise that EDs are critical to resolve for AV adoption. However, many scholars and industry partic
Epacadostat
Occupational activities are well-known triggers for the onset or aggravation of several dermatoses. The Koebner phenomenon is characterized by the appearance of cutaneous lesions typical of a given inflammatory dermatosis in an area where the skin was injured by mechanical, chemical, or biological agents. Although it is usually easily identified when associated to significant trauma, the Koebner phenomeno
FAQ Section
Introduction to Teacup Chihuahua Schooling and Socialization Guideline
Teacup Chihuahuas are very small bundles of joy that bring enormous joy for their house owners. In spite of their little dimension, these puppies have significant personalities and need appropriate coaching and socialization to thrive as well-behaved companions. Whether you are a very first-time proprietor or seasoned with canine, comprehending the
click here
1% (100/103) of women delivered at 0-2cm cervical dilatation, whereas the scar was located at or below the internal cervical os in 97.7% (42/43) of cases delivered at 8-10cm cervical dilatation (p less then 0.001). Uterine scar defects (niches) were observed in 38.1% (64/168) of women with the scar above compared to 17.9% (43/239) with the scar at or below the internal cervical os (p less then 0.001). CONCLUSION Pre-lab
ALW II-41-27
Through the secretion of “public goods” molecules, microbes cooperatively exploit their habitat. This is known as a major driver of the functioning of microbial communities, including in human disease. Understanding why microbial species cooperate is therefore crucial to achieve successful microbial community management, such as microbiome manipulation. A leading explanation is that of Hamilton’s inclusive-fitness
Metabolism inhibitor
Conclusions The current analysis tries to investigate the long-term psychological effects of earthquakes among children and adolescents, which aims to improve the psychological health status for child and adolescent survivors of similar events.This study was to explore the change in purpose in life (PIL) and symptom distress among cancer patients with radiotherapy and associated risk factors. This was a lon
2-Aminoethanethiol
The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that the deep response to NIR (especially II window) of this system exhibited a satisfactory thrombolytic effect with ideal biosafety. Briefly, the proposed hair derived drug delivery system has the characteristics of human source, low cost, minimum heavy metal components, deep response to NIR (II window) laser, and good biocompatibility, which is expec
case battle
CSGO Case Battle
CSGO Case Battle is an exciting game mode that lets players compete against one with the purchase of boxes and opening them. It allows up to four players to play the game and the winner gets all the opened items.
This unique gaming feature isn’t offered in the CSGO client, but can be found on websites
VE822
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a disease with high disability and mortality rates. Currently, the efficacy of therapies available for ICH is limited. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation substantially exacerbates brain damage following ICH. Here, we investigated whether mitochondrial uncouplers conferred protection by suppressing neuroinflammation following ICH. To mimic ICH-induced neuroinflammation in vitro, we treated mi
Cp2-SO4 cost
This study examined the relationship between professionals’ perceptions of a strengthened role for the patient and of patient involvement in quality improvement (QI) and whether professionals’ experiences in improvement science were a moderator on such a relationship.
From a predominantly close-ended, 44-item questionnaire, 4 questions specifically concerning professionals’ perce
check out your url
Ethanol Wall Fireplace
Ethanol wall fireplaces can be set up inside or outside the home. They are fueled by liquid bio ethanol and burn without smoke, odor or ash.
They do offer additional heat to a room. The quantity of heat created differs depending on the design of f
echten führerschein kaufen erfahrungen
How to Buy a Real German Driving License
Some lucky American expats can walk into their local Fuhrerscheinstelle and get an German driver’s license without needing to pass the written and practical tests.
The requirements for employees can differ greatly from one office to anoth
Odkryj nieskończone możliwości rozrywki online dzięki Vavada. Platforma oferuje wiele wciągających gier i opcji na żywo, oferując coś dla każdego, kto szuka zabawy i wciągających wrażeń. Dzięki nowoczesnemu wyglądowi i wyjątkowym funkcjom Vavada zapewnia płynną i przyjemną podróż dla wszystkich użytkowników.
Odwiedź oficjalną stronę internetową, aby odkryć wszystko, co Vavada ma do zaoferowania i zacznij grać już dziś: https://pl-vavada.com/iBl
check details
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-reported depression screening instrument for measurement-based care (MBC), may have cross-cultural measurement invariance (MI) with a regional group of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) and non-Hispanic White adults. However, to ensure health equity, research was needed on the cross-cultural MI of the PHQ-9 between other groups of AI/AN peoples and diverse populati
Zimlovisertib
This approach plays a major role in controlling environmental pollution by utilizing safer solvents, catalysts, suitable reaction conditions and thereby increases the atom economy and energy efficiency. Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic compound that possesses one oxygen and two nitrogen atoms in the ring system.Oxadiazole moiety is drawing considerable interest for the development of new drug candidates
ML264 cell line
is raised to a distinct genus from a subgenus of Tachyporus sensu. nov., and †Mesotachyporus syn. nov. is treated as synonym of the latter. Mycetoporine Bobitobus stat. rev. is resurrected from synonymy with Lordithon sensu nov., and considered as a valid genus. My revised classification provides a novel framework for taxonomic inventories and ecological studies of these groups.The composition of topical and transder
selleck chemicals
media influences.
While the overall percentage of residents who withdraw (2.7%) or take extended leave (1.0%) are low, subgroup analysis has found that minority physicians are approximately 30% more likely to withdraw from residency than their white counterparts and 8 times more likely to take extended leave of absence. With ongoing national efforts to support diversity in medical education thr
https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-690550.html
scuss the implications of QoE and expectations in mobile application design.The modeling of the pathological microenvironment of the central nervous system (CNS) represents a disrupting approach for drug screening for advanced therapies against tumors and neuronal disorders. The in vitro investigations of the crossing and diffusion of drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
sunwin
Once anyone might have decided in order to to join the world of online gambling and you have gotten you a computer through internet connection you are almost certainly, there. is still not far too late to cont
FX11 concentration
These results indicate that RHS8 is related to tick reproduction and its interference affects vitellogenesis. Bacillus subtilis microorganism when cultivated under chemically-defined conditions developed a biofilm with an unusual pattern of wrinkles on the surface. Some questions were raised about whether there was a special function of these wrinkles for the biofilm itself, since they resembled microchannels that c
Many workers who were exposed to Asbestos Law as it was used in manufacturing
and construction brought the harmful fibers to their clothing or hair.
Exposure to asbestos from the outside is just as harmful to family members.
see more
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives. Reducing CVD risk requires effective communication about risk factors and preventive behaviors. Messages should be designed with an understanding of where people seek health information, their perceptions of a hazard, and their perception of information sufficiency. We examined these components of message design to
Get started
The potential that article marketing has for increasing your marketing efforts might seem unbelievable, but its value is proven. The fact is that article marketing is a straightforward, successful method of generating awareness of your enterprise. However, the best thing you can do in order to guarantee success is to learn which tactics are effic
selleck kinase inhibitor
The average total costs for MIS and CD were found to be HKD$54,863 and HKD$52,748 respectively. Both procedures carried similar costs in terms of hospitalization, radiology and routine follow-up visits. A 3.9% (HKD$2,115) difference in total cost was largely due to the differences in cost of surgery and complications. MIS costs 5.7% more than CD for an operation but was 28.1% less costly than M
find more
Co-culture of CD206+ cells with DCs showed that IL-12 production was suppressed in DCs concurrent with the decline of the MHC class IIhiCD86+ population, which was restored by neutralization of IL-10. These results demonstrate SLM CD206+ cells show the feature of tolerogenic macrophages and down-regulate the APC function of mature DCs resulting in the inhibition of CD4+ T cell responses. © The Japanese Society
navigate to this website
If you do not have a program in area, American football can surely be difficult to cope with. view publisher site have all experienced to start off somewhere, so don’t conquer by yourself up if you have not had masses of accomplishment with other techniques prior to now or if you lack loads of knowledge–remind yourself of this each and every chance you have. If would like to make confident your method is comprehe
GSK-LSD1 molecular weight
This article presents a case of tick infestation of the lower eyelid. A 58-year-old female presented to Ophthalmology OPD at Nepalgunj medical college with a small whitish lesion on medial aspect of the left lower eyelid since 7 days. On a detailed ocular examination, a tick was found to be masquerading as a pustule. This case report emphasizes the relation of tropical diseases in ophthalmology and t
https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html
subtilis in media supplemented with polyethylene-glycol 6000 or 600 (r2 = 0.925 and 0.961), and for other microbial species. We also analysed data from independent studies of food-spoilage fungi under glycerol stress (Aspergillus aculeatinus and A. sclerotiicarbonarius); mesophilic/psychrotolerant bacteria under diverse, solute-induced stresses (Brochothrix thermosphacta, Entero
PKCthetainhibitor
With an increase in patient demand and a decrease in healthcare professionals, telehealth is able to provide needed services to patients, but appropriate training in telehealth is crucial for providers to deliver excellent patient care.
Nurse researchers developed a quality improvement project targeting telehealth in the graduate nursing curriculum. A two-part ev
ghost immobiliser price
Installing Ghost Immobiliser
The Ghost immobiliser is different from traditional security systems due to the fact that it is connected directly to your vehicle’s ECU/CAN network. This makes it very difficult for thieves to bypass and replicate the key fob’s signal.
Before installing your Ghos
learn more
Neuroimaging has identified significant disturbances in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in the early symptomatic phase of sport-related concussion. However, less is known about how whole-brain alterations in CVR evolve after concussion and whether they remain present beyond medical clearance to return to play (RTP). In the present study, CVR was evaluated using blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional mag
gas safety checks buckingham
What Does a Gas Engineer Do?
A gas engineer is responsible for the installation, examination and upkeep of gas home appliances. They likewise make sure that these home appliances abide by safety policies. They must have a pertinent credentials and be signed up with the Gas Safe Register.
<b
Kinase Inhibitor Library manufacturer
Autophagy plays an essential role in body homeostasis achievement. One of the main proteins involved in this process is the LC3I, which, after lipidation, leads to the formation of LC3II that participates in the formation and maturation of autophagosome. This descriptive study verified the responses of LC3II to LC3I proteins, as well as the time-course of this ratio in mice li
Buy Ireland Drivers License
Tony Mac Driving Courses – Your Education Doesn’t End Once You Pass Your Driving Test
The process of learning doesn’t end after you’ve passed the driving test. Tony Mac believes that safe driving is a continuous commitment and that the school will assist students at every stage of their journey to learning.
Students have access to education
selleck chemicals
Of the different techniques examined in this study, CT with contrast proved the most effective to allow precise GSW pattern analysis within a cadaveric animal limb model. These findings may be beneficial to others wishing to undertake further ballistic study both within clinical and forensic fields.From the first half of the twentieth century to the present day, injuries and fatalities from captive-bolt livestoc
see more
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Ggg) has been the etiological agent of take-all root rot (TARR) in St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and root decline of the other warm-season turfgrasses. Seventy-five Ggg isolates were obtained from St. Augustinegrass in central and east Texas. Evaluation of colony morphologies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) within 2 wk and follow-up multilocus phylogenic analyses rev
해외에이전시
우리카지노에서 노는 7가지 이유
운영기간
우리카지노는 2006년 온라인카지노가 대중화되면서 서비스를 시작했다. 국내 온라인카지노 시장의 레전드 우리카지노는 국내 시장 점유율 50% 이상을 점유하며 효과적으로 시장을 선도하고 있습니다. 14년이라는 긴 운영 기간 동안 명성을 쌓을 수 있다는 것은 속임수를 쓰지 않는다는 증거에 불과합니다.
다양한 카지노 게임
저희 카지노에서는 10~12개의 게임을 이용할 수 있습니다. 주요 온라인 카지노 회사가 이를 제공할 수 있습니다. 높은 게임 서버 요금으로 인해 다른 중소 규모의 카지노는 그렇게 많은 게임을 가질 여유가 없습니다. 신규 카지노 회사는 자본과 평판이 부족하기 때
More methods
CS2 Case Battles
Case battles are a unique aspect of the CSGO experience. They offer a wide range of benefits, ranging from improving teamwork skills to fostering an atmosphere of camaraderie.
In a case-fight, players purchase the same cases simultaneously and then battle to open them
keyless entry remote control car key fob replacement
Car Key Fob Replacement
Car key fobs are convenient and safe features that help drivers operate vehicles more effectively. However, they’re not indestructible and require periodic maintenance to ensure functionality.
Before you go to y
names of fridge brands
How to Choose the Best Fridge Freezer
If you’re trying to find a fridge freezer, it’s finest to opt for an Energy Star-certified model. You can also check its kWh rating to compare its energy effectiveness with other models.
Bosch fridges are
S3I-201 supplier
e future trials.
What is the key message of your article? Metabolomics practice could help to achieve the clinical utility of exhaled volatilome analysis. What does it add to the existing literature? This work is the first systematic review focused on disease status discrimination using analysis of exhaled breath in the pediatric population. A summary of the reported exhaled volatile organic comp
selleck chemicals
To study progesterone signaling activation, we measured changes in extracellular pH as a reflection of Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) using a cytosensor microphysiometer and assessed progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen metabolism enzymes mRNA expression in cultured endometrial cells from women with deep infiltrating endometriosis and healthy controls using real-time quantitative PCR. This study was conduct
read more
COVID-19 and sequelae thereof are known to cause chemosensory dysfunction, posing a risk for intake and adequate nutrition for recovery. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the subjective strategies for maintaining appetite applied by patients recovering from COVID-19. The study included 19 in-depth interviews, focusing on patients suffering from long-term effects of COVID-19. The results were ana
BAY-876
Although the COVID-19 outbreak induced the centers to reduce some important activities in the management of NEN patients, the Italian network was able to provide continuity in care without withdrawing anti-tumor treatment for the majority of patients.
Although the COVID-19 outbreak induced the centers to reduce some important activities in the management of NEN patients, the Italian network was able to pr
5 Killer Quora Answers To Full Size Sleeper Sofa full size sleeper sofa
Betone電子游戲，Betone老虎機，Betone捕魚機，Betone真人
玩法介紹
花旗骰，又稱Sic Bo，是一種源自中國的傳統骰子遊戲，廣受玩家歡迎。beitone提供的花旗骰遊戲界面簡潔明瞭，設計旨在為玩家帶來純正的遊戲體驗。遊戲核心是三個骰子，玩家需要根據骰子的點數來進行各種投注。
投注方式
大小
小：骰子點數總和為4到10。
大：骰子點數總和為11到17。
注意，出現三個相同點數（即豹子）時，大小投注均為輸。
Olaparib mouse
The FC patterns of each FDR were input into each classification model as test data to obtain a corresponding prediction label (a total of 76 individual classification scores), and the averaged individual classification score was then used as a robust measure to characterize whether each FDR showed an SCZ-type or HC-type FC pattern. A significant negative correlation was found between the average classificat
Odkryj nieskończone możliwości rozrywki online dzięki Vavada. Platforma oferuje wiele wciągających gier i opcji na żywo, oferując coś dla każdego, kto szuka zabawy i wciągających wrażeń. Dzięki nowoczesnemu wyglądowi i wyjątkowym funkcjom Vavada zapewnia płynną i przyjemną podróż dla wszystkich użytkowników.
Odwiedź oficjalną stronę internetową, aby odkryć wszystko, co Vavada ma do zaoferowania i zacznij grać już dziś: https://pl-vavada.com/yRh
see more
Quantum tomography has become a key tool for the assessment of quantum states, processes, and devices. This drives the search for tomographic methods that achieve greater accuracy. In the case of mixed states of a single 2-dimensional quantum system adaptive methods have been recently introduced that achieve the theoretical accuracy limit deduced by Hayashi and Gill and Massar. However, accurate estimation of higher-dimen