Railway Industry in France

TGV 1

1. Industry Overview:

In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train.  SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.

>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en

Types of Train in France:

01-TGV

02-Lunea

03-Teoz

04-TER

06-Intercites

Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:

– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed

– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel

– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed

– Low marginal cost and high production cost

– Product can be sold in advance

– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.

However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.

More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)

Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats

———

 2. Space

Railway industry defines space implicitly.

Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.

 Economy Class:
01-Class2
 Comfort Class:

01-Class 1

Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.

01-TGV Bar

For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.

Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.

I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.

——

3. Time

Railway industry defines time implicitly.

Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.

However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively.  Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.

>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html

The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated.  Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.

——–

4. Price

Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.

Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.

Price at 1 week before departure
01-Price-1st class-10AM-1wk

Price at 2 weeks before departure

01-Price-1st class-10AM-2wk

Price at 3 weeks before departure

01-Price-1st class-10AM-3wk

Price at 4 weeks before departure

01-Price-1st class-10AM-4wk

Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.

The physical rate fences are the classes:
01-Booking-Class

 

The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty

01-Booking-Rate Fences-1

01-Booking-Rate Fences-2

01-Booking-Rate Fences-3

01-Booking-Rate Fences-4

As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.

 

(-Thao Ly)

——–

References:

http://www.raileurope.com

http://www.tgv-europe.com

http://www.sncf.co.uk/

Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods

Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry

 

177,812 thoughts on “Railway Industry in France

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  5. We have a vast selection of low-cost ladies knee length swimwear designs at Nova Swimwear with prices that won’t cost you a fortune. Even the most discerning swimmer will discover something they enjoy in our selection that offers a broad range of patterns in plain and fluro-colored. Every single one of our swimsuits, ranging from the basic and elegant to the lively and vibrant, is constructed using chlorine-resistant fabric to ensure long-lasting quality and ease of use. Keep in mind the fact that our Racing Skins are the only ones that aren’t prone to chlorine. We at the Queensland Company makes all of our knee-length swimwear, which allows us to keep an uncompromising quality control throughout the entire manufacturing process. When our customers buy from us, they can be sure that they’ll enjoy great savings on high-quality swimwear, due to our commitment to the highest standards. Based on the style our sizes range from ladies 8 to 24. To find the ideal size, simply select the swimsuit you’re interested in, and look at the size chart included with the item. The majority of knee length swimming suits are designed to be snug fitting however, your choices may vary slightly based on your individual preferences.
    Explore our vast collection of premium Knee length swimwear! Swimsuits that measure long enough for knees are very popular with both competitive and recreational swimmers. We carry a variety of FINA certified and FINA certified knee length racing swimsuits specially designed for speed. For those who have long hours working out at the swimming pool, our chlorine-resistant knee length training swimsuits are an excellent choice. Knee length swimsuits for training as well as racing swimwear are readily available as well as Knee length swimsuits to accommodate every swimmer.
    Swimsuit FAQs
    What’s more superior: Spandex or Cotton?
    If all you’re planning on being doing will be sweating, a polyester blend is an excellent option. Polyester and cotton are often blended, which results in an ensemble that is comfortable. They are also well-fitting because cotton-blend is less pinchy than spandex. The high cotton count can be often seen in high-fashion clothes especially those designed for slim figures.
    Spandex is more durable which is why it’s the ideal alternative if you’re looking to purchase knee length swimwear that can last for a long period of time and endure the elements. Because it’s more durable and thicker over cotton-blends it comes with body control properties and keeps your body secure.
    Here’s an answer to the issue of spandex vs. cotton. The cotton suit is designed for tanning and your spandex suit is meant to catch waves.
    Should I buy online for swimsuits?
    Shopping online offers many advantages. In the case of swimming suits, however it’s best not to purchase anything without testing it out. There are a lot of things to take into account when shopping for a swimming suit – not just the fit, in addition to the size and the thickness of the fabric.
    You may also have a certain type of suit that you regularly wear. You might always look fabulous in your knee-length swimming suit with a shoulder-length top and retro high-waisted bottoms. You could also opt for an edgy bikini that emphasizes your shape. Your odds of success are significantly greater if you are aware of the size of your body and style you prefer. Make sure to shop at a place which allows you to return the items at no cost.
    What is the most efficient way to care for my swimming suit?
    • The swimsuit should be washed by hand and dried indoors all the time. The garment will dry quickly when you hang it outside however the color will fade.
    • In the Whirlpool hot tub, do not wear your favorite knee length swimwear. The pressure of the water will cause it to stretch and accelerate the breakdown process.
    • The most deadly enemy to your swimsuit is the chemical. Even the chemicals in sunscreen and swimming pools can cause harm. Of course, you will not be able to eliminate these chemicals completely, but you shouldn’t apply spray sunscreen or insect spray while wearing your finest outfit.
    • Surfaces that are rough can ruin your swimwear. Cover-up with a towel in the water to avoid your suit being damaged by scuffs.
    Are darker-colored swimsuits more suitable to tan?
    The color of your outfit has no impact on your capacity to tan, unless you purchase a tan-through outfit that’s made to let the sun’s light rays pass through. Tan creams can aid in getting the golden hue. Apply SPF 50 on your entire body and strut around with a pale complexion.
    How do I stop the padded inserts of my cushion from falling into the pool?
    The effort is real. Instead, use a gel insert. The inserts shown above are perforated therefore they don’t retain water and won’t expand in the event of swimming. They also do a great job lifting your breasts.
    It is also possible to choose more options for enhancing your bust like front tie halters and tops with ruffles instead of inserts. Regular underwire is also offered to lift and shape any size chest.
    Where can I purchase an online swimsuit that is fit?
    If waiting in the line to try on a couple of knee length swimwear within a tiny fitting room with unflattering fluorescent lighting isn’t appealing to you then grab a bottle of wine and browse on the internet instead.
    Sure, finding the right match isn’t easy. But there are some things that can help. Nearly every reliable online retailer has a size chart. Some of them even offer no-cost returns.
    The timing is the main negative. You’ll need to visit the retailer if you want an outfit for the weekend. However, if you’ve got sufficient patience (and you are prepared to take an extra stop at the postal office) to find the ideal piece, shopping online could be the best option.
    What can help me get rid of the cellulite I have?
    Yes and No. Cellulite is only reduced by wearing a swimming suit that is able to cover it. You may want to consider shorter bottoms. When you walk in the sandy areas, you can wear an over-the-knee sarong on your waist.
    It is also possible to use creams or lotions for cellulite to treat cellulite. They provide a brief tightening effect that can help conceal cellulite. A gorgeous tan can help conceal cellulite.
    Pros & Cons of Wearing Knee Length Swimwear
    Advantages
    • Water drag is reduced
    If you’re an athlete, you’re aware that wearing knee-length swimming suit reduces drag on the water. This means that you’ll swim faster. This is due to the fact that unlike other clothing it has a body with a slimmer shape that allows the water to move through your body without causing turbulent air.
    Your body’s friction with water in the pool could make it difficult for your body to move faster, especially if you’re a big lady with curvaceous curves. The best bathing suits to wear for larger busts are made from materials that decrease friction between the body and the water. This allows you to get from one end of the pool to the other faster.
    • To Keep Yourself Safe
    It is the easiest and common reason to wear knee length swimwear. If you’re going to a pool it will give you extra coverage for your body. Self-covering, unless doing skinny swimming, will protect your privacy.
    It is not a good idea to walk without a shirt in a swimming pool or at the beach. It’s not just rude and unprofessional, but it may also cause others to feel uncomfortable. If you are in a public pool or at the beach, keeping your respect and privacy is essential. Also, don’t let your skin get too exposed to sunlight as sunburns can be very painful.
    Disadvantages
    • Tan Lines
    If you’re looking to achieve the perfect tan, it is best to consider not wearing a swimming suit. When you’re wearing an outfit for swimming you’ll notice lines of tan in the areas where your swimsuit was covering your skin. When you relax in the sun with no knee length of swimwear it is possible to get the perfect shade. But, if you’re susceptible to sunburns, this might not be the ideal choice for you.
    Customer Reviews
    • Rosa: This knee length swimwear was bought as a present to my daughter who is a teenager. She’s self-conscious and nervous regarding her look. She was thrilled. It’s extremely attractive and cozy, and it suits perfectly. I like the idea of having the ability to walk about and feel comfortable. With regards to the suit you choose to wear it is possible that you will end in displaying excessive. This however is a complete package is stunning, looks fantastic, and is extremely comfortable. My daughter normally wears a size L however because this one expands purchased the size M, and it fit her perfectly. She is eager to try it off on the next visit to the waterpark which will be in the next few days.
    • Emily: I’m about to enter my fifties 5’4″ tall and weigh 165lbs. My body shape is like an apple, and has mostly hips and belly. I bought the medium size and it was perfect for me. The knee length swimwear was bought with the intent of making a scallop. I was able to swim for hours without worrying about ruining my swimsuit or getting sunburned on my delicate parts. Because it’s so modest I was expecting to be embarrassed about it however, I am satisfied with it. When I placed it in, I thought about trimming the legs since they are approximately 4 inches higher than my knees. It’s good that I did not. The legs fit well they stay in place and don’t roll up. Since my skin is fair and I am susceptible to sunburn, so I purchased a long-sleeved rash guard top to wear during swimming. It might make me feel embarrassed in the event that I had worn the shirt without the top, since it’s so long, but it looked acceptable when I wore the top. While on at the beach I put on an over-the-shoulder sundress. If you’re dry, it’s simple to put on but you have to take off your clothes from the top down each time you use the bathroom. Since the navy and aqua shades are so versatile choosing a suitable top as well as a cover-up and water shoes was an easy task. I love that it comes with an inbuilt bra. This bathing suit is suitable for pool aerobics or any other water-based activity where exposing your skin isn’t your goal. I’ve worn it five times now and I’m content with it.

    Visit our site: https://www.novaswimwear.com/

  6. We offer a wide selection of ladies’ affordable knee length swimwear styles available at Nova Swimwear with prices that aren’t too expensive. Even the most discerning swimmer will discover something they admire in our selection that offers a broad range of patterns in plain and fluro-colored. Each of our swimsuits ranging from the basic elegant and classy to the vivid and vibrant, is constructed with chlorine-resistant fabrics for lasting quality and ease of use. Be aware the fact that our Racing Skins are the only ones that aren’t prone to chlorine. We at the Queensland Company makes all of our knee-length swimming suits, allowing us to keep an uncompromising quality control throughout the entire manufacturing process. When customers shop with us, they are guaranteed to enjoy great savings on high-quality swimwear due to our dedication to the most stringent standards. Based on the style the size we offer ranges from Ladies 8 up to 24. To discover the ideal size, simply select the swimsuit you’re looking at and consult the chart of sizes that comes with the product. The majority of knee length swimming suits are designed to be snug fitting however, your choices may vary slightly based on your personal preferences.
    Browse our wide range of top-quality Knee length swimwear! Swimsuits with long enough for knees are very popular with the competitive and recreational swimmers. We offer a wide selection of FINA certified and FINA certified knee length racing swimsuits specially designed for speed. If you spend a lot of hours working out on the water, our chlorine-resistant training knee length swimsuits are a great option. Knee length swimsuits for training as well as racing swimwear are readily available in our collection, as are Knee length swimsuits that accommodate every swimmer.
    Swimsuit FAQs
    What’s more superior: Spandex or Cotton?
    If all you’re planning on being doing will be sweating, a polyester blend is a great option. The two are typically mixed, creating an outfit that is comfortable. They also look great because cotton-blend is less pinchy than spandex. The high cotton count can be found in a variety of high-fashion clothing specifically designed for super-small figures.
    Spandex is more durable which is why it’s the ideal alternative if you’re looking to purchase knee length swimwear that can last for a long period of time and endure the elements. Because it’s more durable and thicker as compared to cotton, it offers the ability to control your body that keep your body secure.
    Here’s an answer to the issue of spandex vs. cotton. The cotton suit is designed for tanning while your spandex outfit is meant to catch waves.
    Should I buy swimming suits on the internet?
    The convenience of shopping online offers many advantages. In the case of swimming suits, however it is best to not purchase anything without testing it out. There are a lot of things to take into account when shopping for a swimming suit – not just the fit in addition to the size and the weight of the material.
    But, there is a chance that you have a certain type of suit that you frequently wear. You might always look fabulous in your knee-length swimming suit with a high-waisted top, halter and retro high-waisted bottoms. You could also opt for the look of a chic bikini that highlights your shape. Your odds of success are much better if you’re aware of the size of your body and style you prefer. Be sure to shop at a place which allows you to return your items for free.
    What is the most efficient method to care for my swimming suit?
    • Hand-washing is recommended and dried indoors all the time. Drying time will be quick when you hang it outside however the color will fade.
    • In the Whirlpool hot tub, don’t wear your favorite knee length swimwear. The pressure in the water will cause it to stretch which will accelerate the process of breakdown.
    • The biggest threat to your swimsuit’s life is chemical. Chemicals in sunscreen and swimming pools can cause harm. Naturally, you won’t be able to stay clear of these chemicals completely, but you shouldn’t apply insect or spray sunscreen spray when you’re wearing your most elegant costume.
    • Surfaces that are rough can ruin your swimwear. Put on a cover-up or towel in the water to avoid your suit being scratched.
    Do darker swimsuits work better? More suitable to tan?
    The color of your suit will have nothing to do with your ability to tan, unless you purchase a tan-through outfit that’s specifically designed to let the sun’s sunlight through. Tan creams can aid you to achieve that golden glow. Apply SPF 50 throughout and strut around with your pale skin.
    What can I do to prevent the padded inserts of my cushion from sliding into the pool?
    The effort is real. Instead, use a gel insert. The inserts shown above are perforated which means they don’t hold water and won’t expand in the event of swimming. They also do a great job lifting the breasts.
    It is also possible to choose other options to enhance your bust, such as front-tie halters or tops with ruffles instead. Regular underwire is also offered to lift and shape any size chest.
    What can I do to purchase an online swimsuit that is fit?
    If waiting in queue to try on couple of knee length swimwear within a tiny fitting room with unflattering fluorescent lighting isn’t appealing to you then grab a bottle of wine and go on the internet instead.
    Finding the perfect combination can be a challenge. But there are several things that can help. Nearly every reliable online retailer has a size chart. A lot of them offer no-cost returns.
    The time frame is the real negative. You’ll need to visit the retailer if you want an outfit for the weekend. If you’ve got enough patience (and you are prepared to take an extra visit to Post Office) to locate the perfect piece, shopping online could be the best option.
    What can help me get rid of the cellulite I have?
    Yes and No. Cellulite can be minimized by wearing a swimming suit that is able to cover it. It is possible to experiment with shorter bottoms. If you are walking on sand, wear an over-the-knee sarong on your waist.
    You could also apply creams or lotions for cellulite to treat cellulite. They provide a brief tightening effect that can help reduce the appearance of cellulite. A beautiful tan may aid in hiding cellulite.
    Pros & Cons of Wearing Knee Length Swimwear
    Advantages
    • Water drag is reduced
    If you’re an athlete, you’re aware that wearing knee-length swimming suit reduces drag on the water. This means that you’ll run faster. This is due to the fact that unlike other clothing it has an elongated body that permits water to flow through your body without causing turbulent air.
    A frictional relationship between you and water when swimming can hinder your body to move faster, especially if you’re a big lady with curvaceous curves. The most suitable bathing suits for a big busts are made of a material that minimizes friction between the body and the water. This allows you to get from one end of the pool to the other faster.
    • To Keep Yourself Safe
    The most evident and most common reason to wear a knee length swimwear. If you are going to swim it will give you an additional layer of protection to your body. In case you’re not doing skinny swimming, will protect your privacy.
    You shouldn’t walk without a shirt in a swimming water or on the beach. It’s not just rude and unprofessional, but it may also cause others to feel uncomfortable. If you’re in a public pool, or at the beach, keeping you’re the privacy of others and respect for them is essential. Don’t let your skin get too exposed to sunlight as sunburns can be very painful.
    Disadvantages
    • Tan Lines
    If you’re looking to achieve the perfect tan, then it is best to be thinking about not wearing a bathing suit. When you’re wearing an outfit for swimming you will notice tan lines that show where your swimwear covered your skin. If you are able to relax in the sun, without wearing a knee length of swimwear and you can get the perfect shade. If you’re more prone to sunburns then this might not be the right choice for you.
    Customer Reviews
    • Rosa: The knee length swimwear was bought as a present to my daughter who is a teenager. She’s nervous and self-conscious regarding her look. She was delighted. It’s stunningly beautiful and cozy, and it suits perfectly. I like the idea of having the ability to walk about and feel comfortable. Based on the type of bathing suit you choose to wear you could end in displaying excessive. This suit however is all-inclusive is stunning, looks fantastic, and is extremely comfortable. My daughter typically wears a size L however because this one expands bought an M size and it fit her perfectly. It’s a dream to take it off on the next visit to the waterpark that’s scheduled in the next few days.
    • Emily: I’m about to enter my fifties 5’4″ tall and weigh 165lbs. My body shape is as an apple with the majority of my hips and stomach. I bought an XL size and it was the perfect size. The knee length swimwear was bought in the hopes of the scalloping. I was able to swim for hours without worrying about ruining my swimsuit or burning my delicate parts. Since it’s so small I was expecting to feel uncomfortable about it however, I am happy with it. When I set it up, I contemplated trimming the legs since they are just 4 inches over my knees. It’s a good thing that I did not. The legs fit well and stay put and don’t roll up. Since my skin is fair and I am susceptible to sunburn, I purchased a long-sleeved rash guard shirt to wear it over during swimming. It could make me feel self-conscious when I wore the shirt without the top, since it’s so long, however, it was acceptable when I wore the top. While on at the beach I wore the sundress as a cover-up. If you’re dry, it’s simple to put on but you have to take off your clothes from the top down each time you use the bathroom. Since the navy and aqua shades are so versatile and versatile, finding a top that matches as well as a cover-up and water shoes was an easy task. I like that it has an inbuilt bra. The bathing suit is ideal for pool aerobics, or any other water sport where exposing your skin isn’t your goal. I’ve worn it a few times now and I’m content with it.

    Visit our site: https://www.novaswimwear.com/

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