1. Industry Overview:
In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train. SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.
>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en
Types of Train in France:
Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:
– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed
– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel
– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed
– Low marginal cost and high production cost
– Product can be sold in advance
– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.
However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.
– More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)
– Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats
———
2. Space
Railway industry defines space implicitly.
Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.
Economy Class:
Comfort Class:
Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.
For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.
Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.
I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.
——
3. Time
Railway industry defines time implicitly.
Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.
However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively. Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.
>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html
The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated. Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.
——–
4. Price
Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.
Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.
Price at 1 week before departure
Price at 2 weeks before departure
Price at 3 weeks before departure
Price at 4 weeks before departure
Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.
The physical rate fences are the classes:
The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty
As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.
(-Thao Ly)
——–
References:
http://www.raileurope.com
http://www.tgv-europe.com
http://www.sncf.co.uk/
Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods
Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry
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چگالی گاز متان ۵۵ صدم است، ولی با توجه به ترکیبات سنگینتر همراه گاز طبیعی، چگالی آن میتواند به حدود ۶۵صدم نیز برسد؛ بنابراین گاز طبیعی از هوا سبکتر بوده و در صورت نشت از خطوط لوله یا سایر اجزاء شبکه گاز یا لولهکشی وسائل گاز سوز در منازل به سمت بالا حرکت میکند و در مکانهای مسقف قسمت زیادی از گاز نشت شده در زیر سقف تجمع میکند.
اما سبکتر بودن گاز طبیعی با عث نمی شود که همه گاز نشت یافته از یک محل به سمت بالا برود بلکه بخشی از گاز نیز، به ویژه در صورتی که عناصر تشکیل دهنده هوا با آن اختلاط کامل پیدا کنند، به همراه هوا به اطراف نیز پراکنده میشود؛ و چون غلظتهای پائین گاز در هوا خطرناکتر است قابلیت انفجار در اطراف محل نشت نیز وجود دارد.
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گاز طبیعی غالباً ناخالصیهایی چون دیاکسیدکربن (گاز اسیدی)، سولفید هیدروژن (گاز ترش) و آب و همچنین نیتروژن، هلیوم و سایر گازهای نادر را به همراه دارد. دیاکسید را به حوزههای نفتی قدیمی تخلیه شده تزریق میکنند تا تولید آنها افزایش یابد. نیتروژن نیز گازی است قابل تزریق به حوزههای نفتی و هلیوم در صنایع الکترونیک تارتل موارد استفاده ارزشمند و فراوان دارد.
سولفید هیدروژن (H2S) بسیار سمی است و مقادیر بسیار ناچیز آن نیز میتواند کشنده و مهلک باشد. سولفید هیدروژن بسیار خورنده و فرساینده است و میتواند به لولهها، اتصالات و شیرهای چاه آسیب و خسارت وارد کند؛ بنابراین قبل از انتقال گاز طبیعی به خطوط لوله، سولفید هیدروژن جداسازی شده و دیاکسید کربن و آب آن نیز از طریق آبزدایی یا نمکگیری گرفته میشود.
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