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Railway Industry in France

TGV 1

1. Industry Overview:

In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train.  SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.

>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en

Types of Train in France:

01-TGV

02-Lunea

03-Teoz

04-TER

06-Intercites

Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:

– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed

– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel

– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed

– Low marginal cost and high production cost

– Product can be sold in advance

– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.

However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.

– More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)

– Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats

———

 2. Space

Railway industry defines space implicitly.

Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.

 Economy Class:
01-Class2
 Comfort Class:

01-Class 1

Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.

01-TGV Bar

For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.

Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.

I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.

——

3. Time

Railway industry defines time implicitly.

Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.

However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively.  Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.

>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html

The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated.  Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.

——–

4. Price

Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.

Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.

Price at 1 week before departure
01-Price-1st class-10AM-1wk

Price at 2 weeks before departure

01-Price-1st class-10AM-2wk

Price at 3 weeks before departure

01-Price-1st class-10AM-3wk

Price at 4 weeks before departure

01-Price-1st class-10AM-4wk

Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.

The physical rate fences are the classes:
01-Booking-Class

 

The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty

01-Booking-Rate Fences-1

01-Booking-Rate Fences-2

01-Booking-Rate Fences-3

01-Booking-Rate Fences-4

As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.

 

(-Thao Ly)

——–

References:

http://www.raileurope.com

http://www.tgv-europe.com

http://www.sncf.co.uk/

Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods

Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry

 

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  42. ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی:
    مواد مصنوعی یا پنبه ای بسیاری از ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی برنامه هایی جداگانه برای پنبه و مصنوعی دارند ، گاهی اوقات در کنار تنظیمات مختلف دما. برنامه های پنبه ای اغلب داغ تر هستند ، در حالی که برنامه های مصنوعی در دمای پایین تر ، 40 درجه سانتیگراد یا پایین تر اجرا می شوند و با چرخش کمتری انجام می شوند. برنامه های مصنوعی ، که مراقبت آسان نیز نامیده می شود ، برای لباس های غیر پنبه ای مانند لباس های ساخته شده از پلی استر و ویسکوز ، که نیاز به شستشوی کمی ظریف تر دارند ، طراحی شده است.
    برنامه های ترکیبی در دمای پایین شستشو داده می شوند و با سرعت کمتری می چرخند. بیشتر ماشین ها برنامه پنبه ای دارند ، اما همه برنامه های مصنوعی ندارند. اگر شما نیاز به شستن بسیاری از لباس های ظریف دارید ، لازم است مراقب این مورد باشید ، اگرچه ابتدا باید برچسب لباس را بررسی کنید. با این حال ، برنامه های مشابه دیگری وجود دارد – ظریف ، دست شویی و پشم – که می توانید در عوض به آنها توجه کنید ، بسته به نوع لباس هایی که بیشتر می شوید. به خاطر داشته باشید که ظرفیت برای برخی از این برنامه ها متفاوت است ، بنابراین اگر مایل به خرید دستگاه ظرفیت خاص هستید ، ابتدا این مورد را بررسی کنید. وقتی ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی را آزمایش می کنیم ، پنبه های 40 درجه سانتیگراد و چرخه های مصنوعی را آزمایش می کنیم و تفاوت های زیادی بین آنها حتی روی همان ماشین پیدا کرده ایم. در بررسی ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی می توانید میزان عملکرد هر دستگاه را در این برنامه های مختلف بررسی کنید.
    اینها معمولاً برنامه هایی با دمای پایین هستند که حداقل چرخش درام را در حین شستشو دارند تا لباس آسیب نبیند ، مشابه برنامه های مصنوعی. مانند لباسشویی مصنوعی ، اگر لباس های ظریف ، به خصوص پشم و ابریشم داشته باشید ، این لباس ها می توانند مفید باشند. با این حال ، اطمینان حاصل کنید که ابتدا برچسب مراقبت را بخوانید زیرا برخی از لباس ها توصیه می کنند که هرگز در ماشین شسته نشوید.
    کاربرد ماشین صنعتی:
    اینها برای شستشوی لباس های ورزشی است که برای از بین بردن علائم و بوی عرق با داشتن دوره شستشوی طولانی تر ، اما شستشو در دمای پایین تر ، به منظور آسیب رساندن به پارچه ، طراحی شده است. برخی از ماشین آلات همچنین برنامه ویژه ای دارند تا به شما اجازه دهد مربیان خود را بشویید. اگر شما نیاز به شستن مقدار زیادی لباس ورزشی دارید ، این می تواند مفید باشد ، اما چیزی نیست که ما قبلاً آزمایش کرده باشیم. با این حال ، یک ماشین لباسشویی عالی باید بتواند لکه های سخت را در یک شستشوی معمولی ، بدون توجه به نوع مورد ، پاک کند. شما می توانید ببینید که کدام یک از ماشین های لباسشویی بهترین پیشنهاد خرید ما را به دست آورده اند ، به این معنی که آنها به راحتی لکه ها را از بین می برند ، با مراجعه به صفحه بهترین ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی ما مواد شوینده را شستشو داده و لباس های شما را به طور مساوی خشک می کند.
    برنامه های شستشوی سریع بسیار محبوب هستند و در بسیاری از ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی گزینه ای هستند. همانطور که انتظار دارید ، این برنامه ها به شما امکان می دهند لباس خود را در مدت زمان کوتاه تری نسبت به یک برنامه معمولی بشویید ، برای برخی ممکن است به 15 دقیقه هم نرسد. بنابراین اگر شما نیاز به شستن سریع چیزی دارید ، مانند لباس مدرسه کثیف که برای صبح روز بعد لازم است ، آنها عالی هستند. بعضی از ماشین ها بیش از یک گزینه شستشوی سریع دارند. اما توجه داشته باشید که سریعترین شستشو فقط باعث می شود 1.5 کیلوگرم لباس را یکجا بشویید ، که معادل دو جفت شلوار جین است. بعضی از ماشین لباسشویی صنعتی گزینه شستشوی سریع کامل را دارند و به شما امکان می دهند درام را پر کنید ، اما این ماشین ها فقط مخصوص لباس های کمی آلوده است.

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