1. Industry Overview:
In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train. SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.
>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en
Types of Train in France:
Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:
– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed
– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel
– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed
– Low marginal cost and high production cost
– Product can be sold in advance
– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.
However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.
– More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)
– Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats
———
2. Space
Railway industry defines space implicitly.
Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.
Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.
For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.
Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.
I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.
——
3. Time
Railway industry defines time implicitly.
Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.
However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively. Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.
>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html
The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated. Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.
——–
4. Price
Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.
Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.
Price at 1 week before departure
Price at 2 weeks before departure
Price at 3 weeks before departure
Price at 4 weeks before departure
Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.
The physical rate fences are the classes:
The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty
As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.
(-Thao Ly)
——–
References:
http://www.raileurope.com
http://www.tgv-europe.com
http://www.sncf.co.uk/
Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods
Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry
The Philippines is known for its exotic beaches, expansive forests, and abundance of volcanoes. 블랙툰주소
The Philippines is famous for its old, religious landmarks, and in contrast its modernized skyscrapers. <a href="https://www.조아툰.com/" rel="nofollow"blacktoon
The Philippines lags behind many of its neighbors in infrastructure development. Traffic congestion in Metro Manila continues to be a major problem. <a href="https://www.조아툰.com/" rel="nofollow"웹툰
The economy of India is also ranked much higher than the Philippines, both in PPP as well in nominal terms. <a href="https://www.조아툰.com/" rel="nofollow"웹툰주소
Cojuangcos, Lichaucos, Syquias, Paternos, Lopezes, and the Ongpins. These families settled in old Binondo and Santa Cruz in Manila, and went on to become some of the most powerful in pre-war Manila. 블랙툰
Through their writings and orations, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano López Jaena and José Rizal sounded the trumpets of Filipino nationalism and brought it to the level of the masses. 무료웹툰
Barangay 143 is a Filipino-Japanese anime. 네이버웹툰
Philippines is 84th in the overall Prosperity Index rankings. 카카오웹툰
Sederhana namun sangat efektif, suka! jasa fumigasi container
Most of the time I don’t make comments on websites, but I’d like to say that this article really forced me to do so. Really nice post! 스포츠토토
a hundred thousand things to see here Final88
a fun world you imagine Hokislot
catching a star and good games Dewa99
watching sunset while earning the money Lux88
Excellent site. Plenty of useful info here. I’m sending it to several pals ans also sharing in delicious. And obviously, thank you to your effort! sight care
The guidelines you provided here i will discuss extremely precious. It been found such a pleasurable surprise to possess that anticipating me while i wakened today. There’re constantly to the issue as well as simple to understand. Thanks a large amount for the valuable ideas you’ve got shared here. sightcare
You have posted some good stuff on the topic, are you planning to do a FAQ facing this issue in the future, as i have some more questions that might be common to other readers. weblink
DLF Privana, located in Sector 76, Gurgaon, is a premium residential project developed by DLF Group, one of India’s leading real estate developers.DLF Privana in Sector 77, Gurgaon, was a residential project by DLF Group, one of India’s prominent real estate developers. DLF Privana Sector 77 Gurgaon || DLF Privana Sector 76 Gurgaon
and i said Final88
A very awesome blog post. We are really grateful for your blog post. You will find a lot of approaches after visiting your post. I was exactly searching for. Thanks for such post and please keep it up. Great work 物理補習班
We Buy Dead Stocks is synonymous with trust and reliability for scrap buyers Abu Dhabi. We have a deep understanding of the local market and the expertise to offer competitive prices for your surplus items. Experience a seamless selling process that prioritizes your convenience and ensures you get the best value.
Excellent .. Amazing .. I’ll bookmark your blog and take the feeds also…I’m happy to find so many useful info here in the post, we need work out more techniques in this regard, thanks for sharing. 物理補習班
Really fascinating content that is generally well-written and compelling. the specifics of hatchbacks
sa gaming
I was surfing net and fortunately came across this site and found very interesting stuff here. Its really fun to read. I enjoyed a lot. Thanks for sharing this wonderful information. Phy 補習班
At Weselldeadlots, we bring you a wide range of high-quality home appliances in Dubai. Upgrade your living spaces with our selection of reliable and innovative appliances. From kitchen essentials like refrigerators, ovens, and dishwashers to laundry appliances such as washing machines and dryers, we have everything you need to enhance your home. Our appliances are sourced from trusted brands known for their durability and performance.
Good Day. I recommend this website more than anyone else. wish you luck
비아그라파는곳
This is the most famous site in Korea. Click to visit
비아그라구매
This is the new website address. I hope it will be a lot of energy and lucky site
시알리스구입
You make so many great points here that I read your article a couple of times. Your views are in accordance with my own for the most part. This is great content for your readers. youtube live stream views
Yes i am totally agreed with this article and i just want say that this article is very nice and very informative article.I will make sure to be reading your blog more. You made a good point but I can’t help but wonder, what about the other side? !!!!!!THANKS!!!!!! Advantages and Limitations of LK-99 in AI
Wonderful post. your post is very well written and unique.
시알리스구매
Good Day. I recommend this website more than anyone else. wish you luck
비아그라파는곳
Hiya, I am really glad I’ve found this info. Today bloggers publish only about gossip and net stuff and this is really annoying. A good blog with exciting content, that’s what I need. Thanks for making this site, and I will be visiting again. Do you do newsletters? I Cant find it. 스포츠토토
Thank you for sharing this information! it helped my a lot with my problem Joker88
“พร้อมที่จะสนุกกับ สล็อตเว็บตรง ที่เต็มไปด้วยความสนุกและความตื่นเต้นหรือยัง?”
Sangat berguna untuk pemula, terima kasih. jasa penerjemah tersumpah jakarta
Hey there, your words are like a puzzle, each paragraph a piece that fits perfectly into the grand picture of your article. Bravo! pass pmp exam
https://genericbucket.com/product/avaforce-100mg-avanafil/
What is use to Avaforce 100mg Tablet ?
Avaforce 100mg tablet is a medication that has been increasingly recognized for its effectiveness in addressing a common and often sensitive issue – erectile dysfunction (ED). This comprehensive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of Avaforce 100mg, including its composition, uses, dosage, potential side effects, and more. Whether you are a healthcare professional seeking insights or an individual curious about this medication, this guide is tailored to cater to a diverse audience.
Understanding Avaforce 100mg Tablet
Avaforce 100mg tablet is a prescription medication primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction, a condition where men face challenges in achieving or maintaining an erection during sexual activity. It belongs to the class of drugs known as phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These medications work by enhancing blood flow to the penile region, facilitating an erection when sexually aroused.
Composition and Mechanism of Action
The active ingredient in Avaforce 100mg is avanafil. Avanafil operates by inhibiting PDE5, an enzyme responsible for breaking down cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the penile tissues. By inhibiting PDE5, Avaforce 100mg helps maintain higher levels of cGMP, resulting in improved blood flow and a firmer, longer-lasting erection.
Dosage and Administration
Precise adherence to the recommended dosage of Avaforce 100mg tablet is essential. Typically, one tablet is taken orally approximately 30 minutes before engaging in sexual activity. It is crucial not to exceed one tablet within a 24-hour period. Taking Avaforce 100mg on an empty stomach may lead to a quicker onset of action.
Who Can Use Avaforce 100mg Tablet?
Avaforce 100mg tablet is prescribed for men dealing with erectile dysfunction. It is important to note that this medication is not intended for use by women or children and should not be used recreationally. Individuals with a history of heart problems, low or high blood pressure, liver or kidney disorders, or those currently taking nitrates should consult a healthcare professional before using Avaforce 100mg tablet.
Potential Side Effects
As with any medication, Avaforce 100mg tablet may result in side effects, though not everyone will experience them. Common side effects include headaches, flushing, dizziness, blurred vision, nasal congestion, and upset stomach. These side effects are typically mild and short-lived. However, if severe side effects such as chest pain, priapism (prolonged, painful erection), or sudden vision loss occur, immediate medical attention is crucial.
Benefits of Avaforce 100mg Tablet
Avaforce 100mg tablet offers numerous advantages to individuals grappling with erectile dysfunction. It can significantly enhance one’s sexual life by enabling a reliable and sustained erection. This improvement often translates to heightened confidence and an overall sense of well-being. Additionally, it can strengthen the emotional bond between partners by addressing a common issue that can strain relationships.
Cautions and Precautions
While Avaforce 100mg tablet is generally safe and effective, certain precautions should be observed. Foremost, obtaining a prescription from a qualified healthcare provider is essential. Self-medication or usage of this medication without professional guidance can be hazardous. Full disclosure of medical history and current medications is crucial to avoid potential interactions or contraindications.
Alternatives to Avaforce 100mg Tablet
For individuals unsuitable for Avaforce 100mg tablet or those desiring alternative options, various ED medications are available. These include Viagra, Cialis, Levitra, and Stendra, each possessing distinct characteristics and duration of action. Discussing these alternatives with a healthcare provider can help determine the most appropriate treatment based on individual requirements.
In conclusion, Avaforce 100mg tablet is a medication that has significantly improved the management of erectile dysfunction, providing hope and enhancing the quality of life for countless individuals. This guide has offered an in-depth exploration of its composition, mechanism of action, dosage, potential side effects, benefits, precautions, and alternatives. It is essential to remember that Avaforce 100mg tablet should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and any concerns or queries should be addressed with them. Erectile dysfunction is a prevalent condition, but with the right treatment and information, it can be effectively managed, allowing individuals to lead satisfying and fulfilling lives.
Always so interesting to visit your site.What a great info, thank you for sharing. this will help me so much in my learning 物理補習班
I’m glad to see the great detail here! 검증사이트
You have done a great job on this article. It’s very readable and highly intelligent. You have even managed to make it understandable and easy to read. You have some real writing talent. Thank you. 護墊推薦香港
My friend mentioned to me your blog, so I thought I’d read it for myself. Very interesting insights, will be back for more! 護墊推薦香港
I am incapable of reading articles online very often, but I’m happy I did today. It is very well written, and your points are well-expressed. I request you warmly, please, don’t ever stop writing. https://brandflap.com/
Extremely intriguing online journal. A lot of web journals I see nowadays don’t generally give anything that I’m keen on, however I’m most definitely inspired by this one. Recently felt that I would post and let you know. 護墊推薦香港
Excellent website! I adore how it is easy on my eyes it is. I am questioning how I might be notified whenever a new post has been made. Looking for more new updates. Have a great day! brandflap
Greetings! Your writing style is a rare gem that brightens the world of content. Looking forward to more sparks of brilliance. pass comptia security+
Thanks for your information, it was really very helpfull.. What is the API Verification Code?
The website is looking bit flashy and it catches the visitors eyes. Design is pretty simple and a good user friendly interface. 護墊推薦香港
I’m constantly searching on the internet for posts that will help me. Too much is clearly to learn about this. I believe you created good quality items in Functions also. Keep working, congrats! best dental blog
Hello I am so delighted I located your blog, I really located you by mistake, while I was watching on google for something else, Anyways I am here now and could just like to say thank for a tremendous post and a all round entertaining website. Please do keep up the great work. Budget Travel Esim for Vietnam