1. Industry Overview:
In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train. SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.
>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en
Types of Train in France:
Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:
– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed
– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel
– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed
– Low marginal cost and high production cost
– Product can be sold in advance
– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.
However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.
– More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)
– Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats
———
2. Space
Railway industry defines space implicitly.
Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.
Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.
For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.
Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.
I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.
——
3. Time
Railway industry defines time implicitly.
Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.
However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively. Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.
>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html
The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated. Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.
——–
4. Price
Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.
Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.
Price at 1 week before departure
Price at 2 weeks before departure
Price at 3 weeks before departure
Price at 4 weeks before departure
Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.
The physical rate fences are the classes:
The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty
As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.
(-Thao Ly)
——–
References:
http://www.raileurope.com
http://www.tgv-europe.com
http://www.sncf.co.uk/
Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods
Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry
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BRONZE SKIN – ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES, AND MORE
Bronze Skin
Bronze skin tones cover many colors and colorings for a lovely presentation. Bronze skin tone is occasionally blended with black pores and skin tone. Then there is a distinction in each pores and skin tones.
Caramel skin tone and bronze skin tone lie of their undertones. Bronze pores and skin tones include a crimson undertone, whilst caramel pores and skin tones have a completely unique gold or yellow undertone.
Advantages of bronze pores and skin tone
Here are many benefits to bronze pores and skin tone. One of the high-quality benefits of a tanned pores and skin tone is protection from daylight, lower risk of pores and skin most cancers, absence of signs and symptoms of wrinkles and growing older, and a younger appearance.
Protection from daylight
People with dark pores and skin tones and tanned skin tones are less in all likelihood to be affected by sunlight. Pale skin gets extra severe skin results.
Nonetheless, bronze skin tones remain secure and sound with the most publicity to sunlight; Bronze skin tones have greater immunity than lighter skin tones.
There is less hazard of tanning from ultraviolet rays. The solar can not damage the pores and skin. People with tanned skin tones can take a seat within the daylight longer than those with lighter skin tones.
Least threat of pores and skin most cancers
People with lighter skin textures have a higher risk of skin cancer as compared to people with bronze tones.
These pores and skin tones are extraordinarily proof against any harm from environmental elements; the skin is spared a valid. The bronze shade offers most protection to the floor.
The Bronze skin tones are rare however fine in lots of methods.
These skin tones shield in opposition to diverse pores and skin diseases. People with tanned pores and skin are much extra proof against any skin problem, such as skin cancer.
Younger Appearance
Skin seems brisker and smoother when you have a tan skin tone. Compared to lighter pores and skin tones, humans with tan skin tones have a greater youthful appearance.
People look more fabulous and younger with a tan pores and skin tone. Bronze pores and skin tone looks more youthful and terrific.
The surface of the skin is so suitable that it seems ideal. Skin tone is super for many brilliant hues and textures.
Reduce the hazard of signs and symptoms of wrinkles and growing older
Wrinkles are a skin problem that is the unity of the most intense and simple pores and skin problems. Persons with lighter pores and skin tones are more likely to have those skin wrinkles.
While people with bronze skin tone. Your people are proof against strains on the floor. Tan skin tone gives you a greater youthful appearance. People with bronze skin tones have fewer side effects of growing old.
Even at forty, human beings with tanned skin appearance more youthful than those with lighter skin tones. This pores and skin tone makes human beings younger and prettier than this.
If the age is growing, but the skin is extra younger, that is one of the maximum attractive advantages of having a tan skin tone.
Disadvantages of bronze pores and skin colour
There are severa advantages to tan skin tones, however tanned pores and skin tones have a selected downside. Roughly of these dangers are rickets at some factors; all shades do no longer match the complexion, and remarks are much less appealing.
Rickets, at a few factors
People with darkish or tan pores and skin tones have higher probabilities of rickets than lighter skin tones. These skin tones are much less capable of produce and obtain nutrition D.
Vitamin D deficiency causes troubles along with rickets. This trouble is one of the downsides of getting a tanned pores and skin tone.
Because human beings stay at unique hazard for rickets and weak bones, this handicap is on occasion excessive.
All colorations do not match the complexion
All girls are inquisitive about new makeup and cosmetics. In this name, every body wants to use cosmetics and makeup for themselves.
But here is a drawback of getting a tan skin tone. This drawback is that the overall shade does not match the bronze pores and skin tone.
You take to be very selective if you have a tan pores and skin tone. Color selection becomes very tough.
And it’s far that from time to time, although you want a few sunglasses, you can’t purchase these hues due to the tanned skin tone. This drawback of having a tan pores and skin tone is somewhat disappointing.
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