Research Publications – Building Hemp Research Initiatives & Capacity in the U.S.

High Cannabinoid Hemp

Anderson, S. L., Pearson, B., Kjelgren, R., and Brym, Z. 2021. Response of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth, biomass, and cannabinoid profiles to varying fertigation rates ed. Umakanta Sarker. PLoS ONE 16:e0252985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252985.

Campbell, S. M., Anderson, S. L., Brym, Z. T., and Pearson, B. J. 2021. Evaluation of substrate composition and exogenous hormone application on vegetative propagule rooting success of essential oil hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) ed. Bi-Cheng Dong. PLoS ONE 16:e0249160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249160.

Dudley, A., Kassama, L., Jackson‐Davis, A., Kuang, X., and Cebert, E. 2025a. Physiochemical properties of hemp extract (Cannabis sativa L.) inflorescences grown in Northern Alabama. J. Food Sci. 90:e17642. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.17642.

Dudley, A., Kassama, L. S., Jackson-Davis, A., Cebert, E., and Kuang, X. 2025b. In vitro characterization the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa spp.) varieties cultivated in Northern Alabama. J. Cannabis Res. 7:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-025-00258-y.

Galic, A., Grab, H., Kaczmar, N., Maser, K., Miller, W.B., and Smart, L.B. (2022) Effects of cold temperature and acclimation on cold tolerance and cannabinoid profiles of Cannabis sativa L. (hemp). Horticulturae 8(6):531. DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8060531.

Gwinn, K. D., Leung, M. C. K., Stephens, A. B., and Punja, Z. K. 2023. Fungal and mycotoxin contaminants in cannabis and hemp flowers: implications for consumer health and directions for further research. Front. Microbiol. 14:1278189. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1278189.

Jacobs, B. D. J., Popp, M. P., Ahn, S., Verbeke, W., McFadden, B. R., Mark, T. B., Rabinowitz, A. N., and Campbell, B. 2024. CBD oil concentration and hemp flower drying preferences of U.S. consumers. Res. World Agric. Econ. 5:82–95. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v5i1.986.

Kagan, I. A., Smith, H. S., Schendel, R. R., and Gauthier, N. 2025. Separation and quantification of mycotoxins in floral tissue of hemp (Cannabis sativa) infected with Fusarium graminearum. JSFA Reports 5:140–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsf2.235.

Linder, E. R., Young, S., Li, X., Henriquez Inoa, S., and Suchoff, D. H. 2022a. The effect of harvest date on temporal cannabinoid and biomass production in the floral hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) cultivars BaOx and Cherry Wine. Horticulturae 8:959. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100959.

Linder, E. R., Young, S., Li, X., Henriquez Inoa, S., and Suchoff, D. H. 2022b. The effect of transplant date and plant spacing on biomass production for floral hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Agronomy 12:1856. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081856.

Sandhu, S. S., Chiluwal, A., Brym, Z. T., Irey, M., McCray, J. M., Odero, D. C., Daroub, S. H., and Sandhu, H. S. 2022. Evaluating growth, biomass and cannabinoid profiles of floral hemp varieties under different planting dates in organic soils of Florida. Agronomy 12:2845. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112845.

Stack, G. M., Carlson, C. H., Toth, J. A., Philippe, G., Crawford, J. L., Hansen, J. L., Viands, D. R., Rose, J. K. C., and Smart, L. B. 2023. Correlations among morphological and biochemical traits in high‐cannabidiol hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Plant Direct 7:e503. https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.503.

Stack, G. M., Toth, J. A., Carlson, C. H., Cala, A. R., Marrero‐González, M. I., Wilk, R. L., Gentner, D. R., Crawford, J. L., Philippe, G., Rose, J. K. C., Viands, D. R., Smart, C. D., and Smart, L. B. 2021. Season‐long characterization of high‐cannabinoid hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) reveals variation in cannabinoid accumulation, flowering time, and disease resistance. Glob. Change Biol. Bioenergy 13:546–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12793.

Toth, J. A., Smart, L. B., Smart, C. D., Stack, G. M., Carlson, C. H., Philippe, G., and Rose, J. K. C. 2021. Limited effect of environmental stress on cannabinoid profiles in high‐cannabidiol hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Glob. Change Biol. Bioenergy 13:1666–1674. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12880.

Toth, J.A., Smart, L.B., Smart, C.D., Stack, G.M., Cala, A.R., Carlson, C.H., Philippe, G., and Rose, J.K.C. (2021). Stress treatments have little effect on cannabinoid profile in high-cannabidiol hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) GCB Bioenergy 13: 1666-1674. DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12880.

Yang, R., Berthold, E. C., McCurdy, C. R., Da Silva Benevenute, S., Brym, Z. T., and Freeman, J. H. 2020. Development of Cannabinoids in Flowers of Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): A Pilot Study. J. Agric. Food Chem. 68:6058–6064. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01211.

Zhang, M., Anderson, S. L., Brym, Z. T., and Pearson, B. J. 2021. Photoperiodic flowering response of essential oil, grain, and fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Cultivars. Front. Plant Sci. 12:694153. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.694153.

Fiber and Grain Hemp

Crini, G., and Lichtfouse, E., eds. 2020. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 42: Hemp Production and Applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41384-2.

Kirk, H., Henson, C., Seevers, R., Liu, Y., West, A., Suchoff, D., and Yin, R. 2023. A critical review of characterization and measurement of textile-grade hemp fiber. Cellulose 30:8595–8616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05420-4.

Liu, M., Smart, L.B., and Abbaspourrad, A. (2023) Germination and ultrafiltration modify the composition and functional properties of hemp seed protein isolates. Food Biosci. 53: 102761, DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102761.

Liu, M., Toth, J. A., Childs, M., Smart, L. B., and Abbaspourrad, A. 2023. Composition and functional properties of hemp seed protein isolates from various hemp cultivars. J. Food Sci. 88:942–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.16467.

Liu, M., Childs, M., Loos, M., Taylor, A., Smart, L.B., and Abbaspourrad, A. (2022) The effects of germination on the composition and functional properties of hemp seed protein isolate. Food Hydrocoll. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108085.

Williams, A., Brym, Z., Chen, C., Collins, A., Crawford, J., Darby, H., Dedecker, J., Ellison, S., Fike, J., Gage, K., Gang, D., Griffin, J., Johnson, B., Moore, V., Ortmeier-Clarke, H., Podder, S., Richmond, M., Roozeboom, K., Thelen, K., Werle, R., and Pearce, R. (2025) Comparing agronomic performance of industrial hemp varieties for suitable production in the United States. Agron. J. 117, e70006. DOI: 10.1002/agj2.70006.

Zhao, J., Griffin, J., Roozeboom, K., Lee, J., and Wang, D. 2021. Lignin, sugar, and furan production of industrial hemp biomass via an integrated process. Ind. Crops Prod. 172:114049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114049.

Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Wang, W., Griffin, J., Roozeboom, K., and Wang, D. 2020. Bioconversion of industrial hemp biomass for bioethanol production: A review. Fuel 281:118725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118725.

Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Wang, W., Griffin, J., and Wang, D. 2020. Conversion of liquid hot water, acid and alkali pretreated industrial hemp biomasses to bioethanol. Bioresour. Technol. 309:123383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123383.

Zhao, J., Xu, Y., Wang, W., Griffin, J., and Wang, D. 2020. High ethanol concentration (77 g/L) of industrial hemp biomass achieved through optimizing the relationship between ethanol yield/concentration and solid loading. ACS Omega 5:21913–21921. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c03135.

Indoor Hemp Production

Borbas, L. N., Kurtz, L. E., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2023. A comparison of two media formulations and two vented culture vessels for shoot multiplication and rooting of hemp shoot tip cultures. HortTechnology 33:233–238. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH05179-22.

Grover, E. F., Haiden, S. R., and Berkowitz, G. A. 2025. Examining the “night break” method in Cannabis sativa horticulture: vegetative daily light integral affects yield of extractable biomass in C. sativa. Plants 14:3095. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193095.

Haiden, S. R., Johnson, N., and Berkowitz, G. A. 2025. Transcriptomic analysis of CDL-gated photoperiodic flowering mechanisms in cannabis and their responsiveness to R: FR ratios in controlled environment agriculture. Sci. Rep. 15:17628. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00430-7.

Kurtz, L. E., Borbas, L. N., Brand, M. H., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2022. Ex vitro rooting of Cannabis sativa microcuttings and their performance compared to retip and stem cuttings. HortScience 57:1576–1579. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI16890-22.

Lubell-Brand, J. D., Kurtz, L. E., and Brand, M. H. 2021. An in vitro–ex vitro micropropagation system for hemp. HortTechnology 31:199–207. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04779-20.

Mi, R., Taylor, A.G., Smart, L.B., and Mattson, N.S. (2020) Developing production guidelines for baby leaf hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as an edible salad green: cultivar, sowing density and seed size. Agriculture 10:617. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture10120617.

Outdoor Hemp Production

Bajwa, P., Singh, S., Kafle, A., Saini, R., and Trostle, C. 2025b. Effect of planting dates and seeding densities on growth, physiology, and yield of industrial hemp. Crop Sci. 65:e70017. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.70017.

Bajwa, P., Saini, R., Singh, S., Makkar, J., Trostle, C., and Singh, H. 2025a. Effect of early and late post emergence herbicides on weed suppression, crop injury, and biomass yield of industrial hemp in semiarid conditions. Agrosyst. geosci. & environ. 8:e70078. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70078.

Bolt, M. A., Beckerman, J. L., and Couture, J. J. 2021. Agronomic management of industrial hemp alters foliar traits and herbivore performance. Arth.-Plant Int. 15:137–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09803-x.

Brym, Z.T., Philpott, S.C. Jr., Rheay, H., Monserrate, L.A., Bernstein, N., Chase, C.A., Ellison, S.L., Shock, C.C., Smart, L.B., Stack, G.M., and Suchoff, D.H. (2023) Hemp morphology, physiology, and standards for research and industry applications. HortScience 58(7):756-760. DOI: 10.21273/HORTSCI17093-23.

Calzadilla, D., Brym, Z. T., Canavan, S., Hinkson, K. M., Martin, C. G., and Flory, S. L. 2025. Emergence and persistence of volunteer hemp in southern Florida. Invasive Plant Sci. Manag. 18:e19. https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2025.13.

Connelly, G., Rothberger, J., and Ellison, S. 2025. Evaluating ecosystem and agronomic services provided by companion cropping in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). J. Sustain. Agric. Environ. 4:e70055. https://doi.org/10.1002/sae2.70055.

Dingha, B., Sandler, L., Bhowmik, A., Akotsen-Mensah, C., Jackai, L., Gibson, K., and Turco, R. 2019. Industrial hemp knowledge and interest among North Carolina organic farmers in the United States. Sustainability 11:2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092691.

Halker, C. A. P., Woodley, A. L., Reberg‐Horton, S. C., Henriquez Inoa, S., and Suchoff, D. H. 2024. Evaluating Chinese fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties and planting dates in North Carolina. Agrosystems Geosci. Environ. 7:e20569. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20569.

Kanaley, K., Murdock, M.J., Qiu, T., Liu, E., Seyram, S.E., Smart, L.B., Gold, K.M., and Jiang, Y. (2025) Maui: modular analytics of UAS imagery for specialty crop research. Plant Methods, 21:65. DOI: 10.1186/s13007-025-01376-7

Lu, Y., Young, S., Linder, E., Whipker, B., and Suchoff, D. 2022b. Hyperspectral imaging with machine learning to differentiate cultivars, growth stages, flowers, and leaves of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Front. Plant Sci. 12:810113. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.810113.

McDonald, M. M., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2024. F1 hybrid seed can enhance cannabis crop uniformity and yield. HortScience 59:1795–1799. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI18197-24.

Hemp Harvesting and Processing

Baek, Y., Grab, H., and Chen, C. (2025) Postharvest drying and curing affect cannabinoid contents and microbial levels in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Plants 14(3):414. DOI: 10.3390/plants14030414.

Pest and Disease Management

Carter, O., MacWilliams, J., and Nachappa, P. 2024. Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of hemp russet mite ( Aculops cannabicola ) ed. Melody Keena. Environ. Entomol. 53:34–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvad060.

Chiginsky, J., Langemeier, K., MacWilliams, J., Albrecht, T., Cranshaw, W., Fulladolsa, A. C., Kapuscinski, M., Stenglein, M., and Nachappa, P. 2021. First Insights Into the virus and viroid communities in hemp (Cannabis sativa). Front. Agron. 3:778433. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.778433.

Desaeger, J., Coburn, J., Freeman, J., and Brym, Z. 2023. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Cannabis sativa in Florida. J. Nematol. 55:20230018. https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0018.

Dixon, E., Leonberger, K., Amsden, B., Szarka, D., Munir, M., Payee, W., Datnoff, L., Tubana, B., and Gauthier, N. 2022a. Suppression of hemp powdery mildew using root-applied silicon. Plant Health Prog. 23:260–264. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-01-22-0005-SC.

Dixon, E., Leonberger, K., Szarka, D., Amsden, B., Smith, H., Krause, M., and Gauthier, N. 2022b. Prescreening of biological and biorational fungicides against common hemp pathogens using in vitro analyses. Plant Health Prog. 23:250–255. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-12-21-0143-SC.

Falcon-Brindis, A., and Villanueva, R. T. 2024. Hemp regulates the fitness of corn earworm (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) and its tachinid (Diptera) parasitoids ed. Bilal Rasool. PLoS ONE 19:e0311220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0311220.

Fei, T., Gwinn, K., Leyva-Gutierrez, F. M. A., and Wang, T. 2023. Nanoemulsions of terpene by-products from cannabidiol production have promising insecticidal effect on Callosobruchus maculatus. Heliyon 9:e15101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15101.

Gauthier, N. and Thiessen, L., Eds. 2022. Compendium of Cannabis Diseases. American Phytopathological Society.

Giles, G., Indermaur, E.J., Gonzalez-Giron, J.L., Hermann, T.Q, Shelnutt, S., Starr, J., Myers, K., Jensen, S., Bergstrom, G.C., Crawford, J., Hansen, J.L., Smart, L.B., and Smart, C.D. (2022) First report of downy mildew caused by Pseudoperonospora cannabina on Cannabis sativa in New York. Plant Dis. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-08-22-1930-PDN.

Grunwald, D. J., MacWilliams, J., Hackenberg, L., Stroschein, S., Rioux, R., Nachappa, P., and Ellison, S. 2024a. A multiplex RT-PCR for the detection of three viruses and one viroid infecting hemp. PhytoFront. 4:524–532. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTOFR-02-23-0021-R.

Grunwald, D., Wijesinghege, C. W., Gordon, T., Stansell, Z., and Ellison, S. 2024b. First report of tobacco streak virus in Cannabis sativa in New York. Plant Dis. 108:1407. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-23-1810-PDN.

Gwinn, K. D., Hansen, Z., Kelly, H., and Ownley, B. H. 2022. Diseases of Cannabis sativa caused by diverse Fusarium species. Front. Agron. 3:796062. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2021.796062.

Hackenberg, L., Han, J., MacWilliams, J., Kapuscinski, M. L., Stenglein, M., Fletcher, R., and Nachappa, P. 2025. Exploring the hemp virome and assessing hemp germplasm for resistance to an emerging pathogen. Phytobiomes J. 9:45–53. https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-06-24-0068-R.

Hayes, C. B., Carter, O., MacWilliams, J. R., Cranshaw, W., Chaparro, J. M., Prenni, J. E., and Nachappa, P. 2023. Biology and management of hemp russet mite (Acari: Eriophyidae) ed. Cesar Rodriguez-Saona. J. Econ. Entomol. 116:1706–1714. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toad137.

MacWilliams, J., Padimi, V., Carter, O., Brownstein, K., Stansell, Z., Gordon, T., and Nachappa, P. 2025. Assessing the adaptive role of cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA) in aphid defense in Cannabis sativa. J. Cannabis Res. 7:34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-025-00291-x.

Mayton, H., Amirkhani, M., Loos, M., Johnson, B., Fike, J., Johnson, C., Myers, K., Starr, J., Bergstrom, G. C., and Taylor, A. (2022). Evaluation of industrial hemp seed treatments for management of damping-off for enhanced stand establishment. Agriculture 12(5):591. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture12050591.

Munir, M., Leonberger, K., Kesheimer, K., Bolt, M., Zuefle, M., Aronson, E., Ricciardi, M., Schluttenhofer, C., Joly, D., Smith, H. S., Coburn, J., Leme J. F., Rondon, S., Smart, C., Collins, A., Garfinkel, A., Gauthier, N. 2023. Occurrence and distribution of common diseases and pest of U.S. cannabis: A survey. Plant Health Progress 24(4):498-507.

Munir, M., Smith, H., Dixon, E., Szarka, D., Wong, J., Adedokun, T., Church, A., Thomas, E., Schroer, R., Reynolds, J., and Gauthier, N. 2025. Development of qPCR assays to detect and quantify Fusarium spp. on hemp (Cannabis sativa) flowers. Plant Health Prog. 26:293–300. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-11-24-0131-RS.

Munir, M., Smith, H. S., Valentine, T., Leonberger, K., Szarka, D., Dixon, E., Anthony, N., Ricciardi, M., Adedokun, T., Keene, T., Pearce, R., Gauthier, N. 2024. Leaf spot disease development and its effect on yield of essential oil-producing hemp cultivars in Kentucky. Plant Disease. (accepted, first look) doi 10.1094/PDIS-11-23-2483-RE

Punja, Z. K., Kahl, D., Reade, R., Xiang, Y., Munz, J., and Nachappa, P. 2023. Challenges to Cannabis sativa production from pathogens and microbes—the role of molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25:14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010014.

Ricciardi, M., Smith, H., Viloria, Z., Dixon, E., Szarka, D., Pearce, R., Gauthier, N., Villanueva, R. 2024. First report of Hirsutella thompsonii as an entomopathogenic fungus of hemp russet mite (Aculops cannabicola) in Kentucky. Plant Health Progress 25(1):92-94.

Rietman, A. M., Amani, L., Morozumi, C. N., Gauthier, N. A., and Christian, N. 2025. Hemp microbiome composition and function under developing pest management solutions. Phytobiomes J. 9:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1094/PBIOMES-08-24-0077-R.

Sands, L. B., Cheek, T., Reynolds, J., Ma, Y., and Berkowitz, G. A. 2022. Effects of harpin and flg22 on growth enhancement and pathogen defense in Cannabis sativa seedlings. Plants 11:1178. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091178.

Schwartz, J. A., April, S. G., Day, C. T. C., Smart, C. D. 2025. Efficacy of Organic Fungicides for Management of Hemp Septoria Leaf Spot. Plant Health Progress. (accepted, first look) doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-25-0127-RS .

Schwartz, J. A., and Hershberger, J. L., Day, C. T. C., Smart, C. D. 2025. Evaluation of fungicides to manage hemp septoria leaf spot in Geneva, NY, 2025. Plant Health Progress. doi.org/10.1094/PHP-09-25-0219-PDMR .

Schwartz, J. A., Vignale, L., Gordon, T., Stansell, Z., Smart, L. B., and Smart, C. D. 2025. Screening of Cannabis sativa germplasm for susceptibility to septoria leaf spot. Plant Disease. doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-25-1367-RE

Smith, H., Dixon, E., Munir, M., and Ward Gauthier, N. A. 2025. Comparative analysis of hemp and wheat Fusarium graminearum populations. Plant Dis. 109:1976–1982. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-24-2452-RE.

Smith, H. Dixon, E., Munir, M., Gauthier, N. 2024. Incidence and distribution of the Fusarium Sambucinum species complex associated with Cannabis sativa in Kentucky. Plant Health Progress (accepted, first look) doi 10.1094/PHP-12-23-0106-S.

Smith, H., Szarka, D., Dixon, E., Adedokun, O., Munir, M., Ricciardi, M., Schroer, R., Gauthier, N. 2023. Emerging Fusarium spp. causing head blight on hemp in Kentucky. Plant Health Progress 24(2):132-134.

Stack, G.M., Cala, A.R., Quade, M.A., Toth, J.A., Monserrate, L.A., Wilkerson, D.G., Carlson, C.H., Mamerto, A., Michael, T.P., Crawford, S., Smart, C.D., and Smart, L.B. (2024) Genetic mapping, identification, and characterization of a candidate susceptibility gene for powdery mildew in Cannabis sativa L. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-04-23-0043-R.

Stack, G.M., Snyder, S.I., Toth, J.A., Quade, M.A., Crawford, J.L., McKay, J.K., Jackowetz, J.N., Wang, P., Philippe, G., Hansen, J.L., Moore, V.M., Rose, J.K.C., and Smart, L.B. (2023) Cannabinoids function in defense against chewing herbivores in Cannabis sativa L. Hort. Res. uhad207. DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad207.

Szarka, D., Amsden, B., Beale, J., Dixon, E., Schardl, C. L., and Gauthier, N. 2020. First report of hemp leaf spot caused by a Bipolaris species on Hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Kentucky. Plant Health Prog. 21:82–84. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-01-20-0004-BR.

Szarka, D., Smith, H. S., Dixon, E., Munir, M., Rahnama, M., Gauthier, N. A. 2023. Fusarium species recovered from postharvest hemp materials from Kentucky fields. Plant Health Progress 24(4): 368-474.

Szczepaniec, A., Lathrop-Melting, A., Janecek, T., Nachappa, P., Cranshaw, W., Alnajjar, G., and Axtell, A. 2024. Suppression of hemp russet mite, Aculops cannabicola (Acari: Eriophyidae), in industrial hemp in greenhouse and field. Environmental Entomology 53:18–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvad052.

Toth, J.A., Stack, G.M., Carlson, C.H., and Smart, L.B. (2022). Identification and mapping of major-effect flowering time loci Autoflower1 and Early1 in Cannabis sativa L. Front. Plant Sci. 13:991680. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991680.

Weldon, W.A., Ullrich, M.R., Smart, L.B., Smart, C.D., and Gadoury, D.M. (2020) Cross infectivity of powdery mildew isolates originating from hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Japanese Hop (Humulus japonicus) in New York. Plant Health Prog. 21:47-53, DOI: 10.1094/PHP-09-19-0067-RS.

Fertilization and Soil Management

Ahmed, B., Smart, L.B., and Hijri, M. (2021) Microbiome of field grown hemp reveals potential microbial interactions with root and rhizosphere soil. Front. Microbiol. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741597.

Antoszewski, G., Guenther, J. F., Roberts, J. K., III, Adler, M., Dalle Molle, M., Kaczmar, N. S., Miller, W. B., Mattson, N. S., and Grab, H. (2024) Non-invasive detection of nitrogen deficiency in Cannabis sativa using hand-held raman spectroscopy. Agronomy 14(10), 2390. DOI: 10.3390/agronomy14102390.

Avila-Arias, H., Nies, L. F., Gray, M. B., and Turco, R. F. 2019. Impacts of molybdenum-, nickel-, and lithium- oxide nanomaterials on soil activity and microbial community structure. Sci. Total Environ. 652:202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.189.

Barnett, S.E., Cala, A.R., Hansen, J.L., Crawford, J., Viands, D.R., Smart, L.B., Smart, C.D., and Buckley, D.H. (2020) Evaluating the microbiome of hemp. Phytobiomes 4:351-63. DOI: 10.1094/PBIOMES-06-20-0046-R.

James, M. S., Vann, M. C., Suchoff, D. H., McGinnis, M., Whipker, B. E., Edmisten, K. L., and Gatiboni, L. C. 2023. Hemp yield and cannabinoid concentrations under variable nitrogen and potassium fertilizer rates. Crop Sci. 63:1555–1565. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20966.

Kaur, N., Brym, Z., Monserrate Oyola, L. A., and Sharma, L. K. 2023. Nitrogen fertilization impact on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) crop production: A review. Agron. J. 115:1557–1570. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21345.

Li, T., Wang, R., Cai, J., Meng, Y., Wang, Z., Feng, X., Liu, H., Turco, R. F., and Jiang, Y. 2021. Enhanced carbon acquisition and use efficiency alleviate microbial carbon relative to nitrogen limitation under soil acidification. Ecol. Process 10:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-021-00309-1.

Nwosu, N. J., Upadhyaya, Y. R., Kaur, N., Sharma, L., Brym, Z., and Singh, H. 2025. Limited effects of phosphorus application on growth and yield of industrial hemp in Florida. Agrosyst. Geosci Env. 8:e70077. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70077.

Serrano, T., Brym, Z. T., Monserrate, L. A., Her, Y. G., Stanford, J., Bhadha, J. H., Singh, H., Sharma, L. K., Upadhyaya, Y. R., Griffin, W. D., and Shellenbarger, H. T. 2025. Nitrogen fertilizer effects on hemp biomass production detected by drone-based spectral imaging. HortScience 60:353–361. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI18264-24.

Wander, M. M., Cihacek, L. J., Coyne, M., Drijber, R. A., Grossman, J. M., Gutknecht, J. L. M., Horwath, W. R., Jagadamma, S., Olk, D. C., Ruark, M., Snapp, S. S., Tiemann, L. K., Weil, R., and Turco, R. F. 2019. Developments in agricultural soil quality and health: reflections by the research committee on soil organic matter management. Front. Environ. Sci. 7:109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00109.

Welikhe, P., Brouder, S. M., Volenec, J. J., Gitau, M., and Turco, R. F. 2022. Dynamics of dissolved reactive phosphorus loss from phosphorus source and sink soils in tile-drained systems. J. Soil Water Conserv. 77:1–14. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2022.00012.

Welikhe, P., Brouder, S. M., Volenec, J. J., Gitau, M., and Turco, R. F. 2021. Using artificial neural networks to improve phosphorus indices. J. Soil Water Conserv. 76:513–526. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.2021.00153.

Weed Management

Bryan, C. J., Sipes, S. D., Arduser, M., Kassim, L., Gibson, D. J., Scott, D. A., and Gage, K. L. 2021. Efficacy of cover crops for pollinator habitat provision and weed suppression ed. Theresa Pitts-Singer. Environ. Entomol. 50:208–221. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvaa159.

Gage, K. L., Gibson, D. J., Young, B. G., Young, J. M., Matthews, J. L., Weller, S. C., and Wilson, R. G. 2015. Occurrence of an herbicide‐resistant plant trait in agricultural field margins. Ecol. Evol. 5:4161–4173. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1667.

Gage, K. L., Krausz, R. F., and Walters, S. A. 2019. Emerging challenges for weed management in herbicide-resistant crops. Agriculture 9:180. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080180.

Jenkins, M. E., Krausz, R. F., Matthews, J. L., Gage, K. L., and Walters, S. A. 2017. Control of volunteer horseradish and palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with dicamba and glyphosate. Weed Technol. 31:852–862. https://doi.org/10.1017/wet.2017.77.

Korres, N. E., Norsworthy, J. K., Young, B. G., Reynolds, D. B., Johnson, W. G., Conley, S. P., Smeda, R. J., Mueller, T. C., Spaunhorst, D. J., Gage, K. L., Loux, M., Kruger, G. R., and Bagavathiannan, M. V. 2018. Seedbank persistence of palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) across diverse geographical regions in the United States. Weed Sci. 66:446–456. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2018.27.

Ren, Z., Gibson, D. J., Gage, K. L., Matthews, J. L., Owen, M. D. K., Jordan, D. L., Shaw, D. R., Weller, S. C., Wilson, R. G., and Young, B. G. 2024. Exploring the effect of region on diversity and composition of weed seedbanks in herbicide‐resistant crop systems in the United States. Pest Manag. Sci. 80:1446–1453. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7875.

Rumpa, M. M., Krausz, R. F., Gibson, D. J., and Gage, K. L. 2019. Effect of PPO-inhibiting herbicides on the growth and sex ratio of a dioecious weed species Amaranthus palmeri (Palmer Amaranth). Agronomy 9:275. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060275.

Shikanai, A., and Gage, K. L. 2022a. Allelopathic potential of hemp: implications for integrated weed management. Front. Agron. 4:832471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.832471.

Shikanai, A., and Gage, K. L. 2022b. Studying the effects of waterhemp competition on yield and phytochemical content of high-cannabidiol hemp in plasticulture. HortTechnology 32:99–109. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04902-21.

Smith, R. G., Birthisel, S. K., Bosworth, S. C., Brown, B., Davis, T. M., Gallandt, E. R., Hazelrigg, A., Venturini, E., and Warren, N. D. 2018. Environmental correlates with germinable weed seedbanks on organic farms across northern New England. Weed Sci. 66:78–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.40.

Breeding and Genetics

Apicella, P. V., Sands, L. B., Ma, Y., and Berkowitz, G. A. 2022. Delineating genetic regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis during female flower development in Cannabis sativa. Plant Direct 6:e412. https://doi.org/10.1002/pld3.412.

Baek, Y., and Vergara, D. (2025) A review of sexual strategies in Cannabis sativa L. under genomic and environmental controls. Agrosystems Geosci. Environ. 8, e70050. DOI: 10.1002/agg2.70050

Berthold, E. C., Yang, R., Sharma, A., Kamble, S. H., Kanumuri, S. R., King, T. I., Popa, R., Freeman, J. H., Brym, Z. T., Avery, B. A., and McCurdy, C. R. 2020. Regulatory sampling of industrial hemp plant samples (Cannabis sativa L.) using UPLC-MS/MS method for detection and quantification of twelve cannabinoids. J Cannabis Res 2:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-020-00050-0.

Carlson, C.H., Stack, G.M., Jiang, Y, Taskiran, B., Cala, A.R., Toth, J.A., Philippe, G., Rose, J.K.C., Smart, C.D., and Smart, L.B. (2021) Morphometric relationships and their contribution to biomass and cannabinoid profiles in hybrids of hemp (Cannabis sativa). J. Exp. Bot. 72: 7694–7709. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab346.

DiMatteo, J., Kurtz, L., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2020. Pollen appearance and in vitro germination varies for five strains of female hemp masculinized using silver thiosulfate. HortScience 55:547–549. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI14842-20.

Dowling, C. A., Shi, J., Toth, J. A., Quade, M. A., Smart, L. B., McCabe, P. F., Schilling, S., and Melzer, R. 2024. A FLOWERING LOCUS T ortholog is associated with photoperiod‐insensitive flowering in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Plant J. 119:383–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.16769.

Ford, T., Aina, A., Ellison, S., Gordon, T., and Stansell, Z. 2024. Utilizing digitized occurrence records of Midwestern feral Cannabis sativa to develop ecological niche models. Ecol. Evol. 14:e11325. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.11325.

Haiden, S. R., Apicella, P. V., Ma, Y., and Berkowitz, G. A. 2022. Overexpression of CsMIXTA, a transcription factor from Cannabis sativa, increases glandular trichome density in tobacco leaves. Plants 11:1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111519.

Kurtz, L. E., Brand, M. H., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2024. Cannabis triploids exhibit reduced fertility and similar growth and flower production compared to diploids. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 149:75–85. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05359-23.

Kurtz, L. E., Brand, M. H., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2023. Gene dosage at the autoflowering locus effects flowering timing and plant height in triploid cannabis. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 148:83–88. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS05293-23.

Kurtz, L. E., Brand, M. H., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2020a. Production of tetraploid and triploid hemp. HortScience 55:1703–1707. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15303-20.

Kurtz, L. E., Mahoney, J. D., Brand, M. H., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2020b. Comparing genotypic and phenotypic variation of selfed and outcrossed progeny of hemp. HortScience 55:1206–1209. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15061-20.

Lu, Y., Li, X., Young, S., Li, X., Linder, E., and Suchoff, D. 2022a. Hyperspectral imaging with chemometrics for non-destructive determination of cannabinoids in floral and leaf materials of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). Comput. Electr. Agric. 202:107387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.107387.

Lubell, J. D., and Brand, M. H. 2018. Foliar sprays of silver thiosulfate produce male flowers on female hemp plants. HortTechnology 28:743–747. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04188-18.

Ma, G., Zelman, A. K., Apicella, P. V., and Berkowitz, G. 2022. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of homeodomain leucine zipper subfamily IV (HD-ZIP IV) gene family in Cannabis sativa L. Plants 11:1307. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11101307.

McDonald, M. M., and Lubell-Brand, J. D. 2024. F1 hybrid seed can enhance cannabis crop uniformity and yield. HortScience 59:1795–1799. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI18197-24.

McDonald, M.M., Zahl, B.M., Smart, L.B., and Lubell-Brand, J.D. (2025) Female-biased inheritance in tetraploid Hemp. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 150(5): 271–278. DOI: 10.21273/JASHS05523-25

McGrail, R. K., Nelson, J. A., Pearce, R. C., and McCulley, R. L. 2025. Hemp root system architecture and allometric relationships vary between monoecious and dioecious cultivars. Agrosyst. Geosci. Env. 8:e70123. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70123.

Owen, L. C., Suchoff, D. H., and Chen, H. 2023. A novel method for stimulating Cannabis sativa L. male flowers from female plants. Plants 12:3371. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193371.

Sands, L. B., Haiden, S. R., Ma, Y., and Berkowitz, G. A. 2023. Hormonal control of promoter activities of Cannabis sativa prenyltransferase 1 and 4 and salicylic acid mediated regulation of cannabinoid biosynthesis. Sci. Rep. 13:8620. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35303-4.

Sipahi, H., Haiden, S., and Berkowitz, G. 2024. Genome-wide analysis of cellulose synthase (CesA) and cellulose synthase-like (Csl) proteins in Cannabis sativa L. PeerJ 12:e17821. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17821.

Sipahi, H., Whyte, T. D., Ma, G., and Berkowitz, G. 2022. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of wall-associated kinase (WAK) gene family in Cannabis sativa L. Plants 11:2703. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11202703.

Smart, L. B., Toth, J. A., Stack, G. M., Monserrate, L. A., and Smart, C. D. 2022. Breeding of hemp (Cannabis sativa). In Plant Breeding Reviews, ed. Irwin Goldman. Wiley, pp. 239–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119874157.ch5.

Stack, G. M., Quade, M. A., Wilkerson, D. G., Monserrate, L. A., Bentz, P. C., Carey, S. B., Grimwood, J., Toth, J. A., Crawford, S., Harkess, A., and Smart, L. B. (2025) Comparison of recombination rate, reference bias, and unique pangenomic haplotypes in Cannabis sativa using seven de novo genome assemblies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 26(3): 1165. DOI: 10.3390/ijms26031165.

Suchoff, D. H., Inoa, S. H., Stack, G. M., Wares, A. J., Snyder, S. I., Murdock, M. J., Rose, J. K. C., Smart, L. B., Caton, T. A., and Pearce, R. C. 2024. Characterization of agronomic performance and sterility in triploid and diploid cannabinoid hemp. Agron. J. 116:2470–2482. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21618.

Toth J., Stack G., Cala A., Carlson C.H., Wilk R., Crawford J., Viands D., Philippe G., Smart C.D., Rose J.K.C., Smart L.B. (2020) Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L. GCB Bioenergy 12:213-222. DOI: 10.1111/gcbb.12667.

Xu, Y., Zhao, J., Hu, R., Wang, W., Griffin, J., Li, Y., Sun, X. S., and Wang, D. 2021b. Effect of genotype on the physicochemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties of hempseed. J. Agric. Food Res. 3:100119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100119.

Hemp for Human and Animal Consumption

Baidoo, E. A., Cebert, E., Mankolo, R., Verghese, M., and Herring, J. L. 2024. CBD oil by-product (Hemp flakes): Evaluation for nutritional composition, heavy metals and functionality as a food ingredient. Heliyon 10:e35186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35186.

Barretto, R., Qi, G., Xiao, R., Jones, C., Sun, X. S., Li, Y., Griffin, J., and Wang, D. 2024. Hempseed protein is a potential alternative source for plant protein-based adhesives. Int. J. of Adhes. Adhes. 133:103740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2024.103740.

Holdsworth, E. A., Berim, A., Gang, D. R., Williams, J. E., Smith, C. B., Caffé, B., Brooks, O., Barbosa-Leiker, C., McGuire, M. A., McGuire, M. K., and Meehan, C. L. 2024. Human milk cannabinoid concentrations and associations with maternal factors: the lactation and cannabis (LAC) study. Breastfeeding Med. 19:515–524. https://doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2024.0021.

Kleinhenz, M. D., Magnin, G., Ensley, S. M., Griffin, J. J., Goeser, J., Lynch, E., and Coetzee, J. F. 2020a. Nutrient concentrations, digestibility, and cannabinoid concentrations of industrial hemp plant components. Appl. Anim. Sci. 36:489–494. https://doi.org/10.15232/aas.2020-02018.

Kleinhenz, M. D., Magnin, G., Lin, Z., Griffin, J., Kleinhenz, K. E., Montgomery, S., Curtis, A., Martin, M., and Coetzee, J. F. 2020b. Plasma concentrations of eleven cannabinoids in cattle following oral administration of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa). Sci. Rep. 10:12753. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69768-4.

Kleinhenz, M. D., Weeder, M., Montgomery, S., Martin, M., Curtis, A., Magnin, G., Lin, Z., Griffin, J., and Coetzee, J. F. 2022. Short term feeding of industrial hemp with a high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) content increases lying behavior and reduces biomarkers of stress and inflammation in Holstein steers. Sci. Rep. 12:3683. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07795-z.

Ogunkunle, N., Simpson, M., Samuel, F., Kuang, X., Cebert, E., AbdelRahim, G., and Boateng, J. 2025. Effect of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) supplementation on rumination behaviour, plasma antioxidant enzymes and stress biomarkers in angus cattle. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. jpn.70014. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.70014.

Smith, C. B., Schmidt, J., Holdsworth, E. A., Caffé, B., Brooks, O., Williams, J. E., Gang, D. R., McGuire, M. A., McGuire, M. K., Barbosa-Leiker, C., and Meehan, C. L. 2024. Cannabis use, decision making, and perceptions of risk among breastfeeding individuals: the Lactation and Cannabis (LAC) Study. J. Cannabis Res. 6:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42238-023-00212-w.

Xu, Y., Li, J., Zhao, J., Wang, W., Griffin, J., Li, Y., Bean, S., Tilley, M., and Wang, D. 2021a. Hempseed as a nutritious and healthy human food or animal feed source: a review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 56:530–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14755.

Zhang, J., Griffin, J., Li, Y., Wang, D., and Wang, W. 2022. Antioxidant properties of hemp proteins: from functional food to phytotherapy and beyond. Molecules 27:7924. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27227924.

Regulation and Economics

Barnes, T., Parajuli, R., Leggett, Z., and Suchoff, D. 2023. Assessing the financial viability of growing industrial hemp with loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States. Front. For Glob. Change 6:1148221. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1148221.

Kim, G., and Mark, T. 2023. What factors make consumers in the USA buy hemp products? Evidence from Nielsen consumer panel data. Agric. Econ. 11:5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-023-00245-y.

Moore, V., Fratz, E., Baltensperger, D., Ellison, S., Grab, H., Sosnoskie, L., Suchoff, D., and Vergara, D. 2025. Building a resilient organic hemp industry: survey and focus groups assess research, extension, and education needs. Agrosyst. Geosci. Env. 8:e70018. https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.70018.

Patalee, B., Jeong, H., and Mark, T. 2024. What makes hemp economically attractive? A case of Kentucky hemp farmers. Res. World Agric. Econ. 5:32–44. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v5i2.1077.

Rampold, S., Brym, Z., Kandzer, M. S., and Baker, L. M. 2021. Hemp there it is: examining consumers’ attitudes toward the revitalization of hemp as an agricultural commodity. J. Appl. Commun. 105. https://doi.org/10.4148/1051-0834.2385.Sikora, F. J., Kariuki, S. K., Pearce, R. C., Hamilton, D., and Ji, H. 2025. THC content on a dry weight basis: implications for hemp legality. J. AOAC Int. 108:104–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsae048.