Scaffolds 2024 Digest: Week 21
This post is a text digest of the Scaffolds Podcast. To listen to the original episode, visit the following link: Scaffolds Podcast on Spotify
On this week’s episode of Scaffolds, I talked to Dr. Kevin Rice from Virginia Tech about codling moth. Kerik talks stone fruit diseases, and Anna gives us our state of the state updates on degree day accumulation and trap captures.
Monique Interviews Dr. Kevin Rice on Codling Moth
Monique: So today I’m here with Dr. Kevin Rice, who is the director and an entomologist at the Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Winchester, Virginia. He’s affiliated with Virginia Tech. How’s it going, Kevin?
Kevin: Pretty good. Getting towards the end of the season and see the light at the end of the tunnel right now.
Monique: Yeah, we’re in the same boat. I really wanted to talk to you about late season codling moth control and a little bit about what you’re thinking for the future of codling moth control. So I think you guys have maybe even a couple more generations per year than we do up here in New York.
Kevin: So, yeah, we typically average with a two, historically, there’s been a solid two, and then we also have that small percentage which is controlled by genetics more than the photo period of diapause initiation. A small percent of each generation goes to another generation despite environmental cues. And so that was typically labeled or seen as what we might call a “suicide generation,” because when that third generation came out in Virginia, it was too cold to complete an entire life cycle to get to a mature larvae. Maybe the fruit was already harvested, but because of climate, we have milder winters, we have earlier springs and hotter summers. We’re seeing that codling moth and a lot of our other insect pests are emerging earlier. They have shorter development times, they have shorter or less overwintering mortality. And because of all that, we have this third generation now, which seems to be more prevalent. So instead of it being an off sort of years, that it might make it with that time to see that the codling moth are hedging their bets in a math sense of sort of what percent go into diapause as opposed to what doesn’t. But long story short, what we’re sort of hypothesizing now is that we’re seeing this third generation and possibly a fourth generation now with these longer extended growing seasons.
Monique: So what does late-season control look like in terms of rotating products? You guys developed any specific recommendations for the late season?
Kevin: So typically with the third generation, we sort of had that breakdown of the degree day biofix calculation. So we’ve got those really nice math numbers that people have studied in the past that we know first generation peak after bio fix is going to hit around 250 degree days. And then you’re up to 1250 for the second generation egg hatch. But the third generation has a lot of overlap with that second generation, so much so that it’s very difficult to see and determine if you’re looking at a newly emerged third generation codling moth in the trap or an older one, you can kind of tell by the scales, but that’s just a little bit of guesswork. So typically we would tell growers on those off years that might have been warmer in the past, those one off years that those late season third generation, you need the trap, and you need to look at that threshold of five to seven captures per week per trap as sort of your threshold for the third generation spray. That’s what we’re going to have to do a lot more. And then that’s what I’m really stressing in our extension meetings is we do have products, you need to rotate your products if there’s additional generations is super important. We have products that work with these pests. But scouting on a yearly basis is going to shift a lot. It’s harder for us to predict on a yearly basis of what is going on with these insects because so many different factors are changing with climate change.
Monique: And what about mating disruption? So is that something that Virginia growers typically layer with the spray program or no?
Kevin: Yes, a lot of growers are heavily invested in mating disruption, and you’re going to have issues also at the end of the season, will those lures continue to produce pheromone when it’s really, really hot outside or is it going to dissipate faster? Do you need to replace them? And additionally, if you have a third generation, it’s sort of like, right, investment banking or exponential growth.
Monique: So what about thinking about codling moth in the long run in terms of, you know, this is really the major insect pest that everyone is concerned with. Do you think there’s like a future in new products for this pest? And especially as more regulations come, what do you think is on the product outlook?
Kevin: I think we’re at an interesting juncture right now when it comes to codling moth because there have been those, a lot of those papers have, you know, suggested, will we run out of modes of action for controlling insects, and we are having chemical restrictions, having resistance issues, it takes a lot longer to make a product with research and development, and it costs a lot more money to get those products registered. This is all data that you can look up. So that’s concerning, we’re going to have less available things in our toolkit. However, there are a few new, it just so happens a few new products that are being launched right now that are registered and one that will become registered in 2025 is Plinazilon and we’ve done some industry trials at our AREC. It looks pretty strong as another tool in the toolkit. Then we have the biopesticide Spear Lep, also looks pretty strong at controlling codling moth. There’s some questions about rain fastness that we’ve experienced a drought for the last two years. So we aren’t quite, we weren’t able to determine some of that. But after that, you know, I don’t foresee that chemical companies are going to be rolling out tons of new products. I think we’ll be losing products faster than they’re coming out. That’s not a good scenario to be in. I’m not trying to be a fear monger. We have many modes of action and many chemicals that will work specifically for codling moth. We’re just going to have to pay attention, make sure we’re rotating and scouting. And again, that scouting, that message is just going to become much, much, much more important when it comes to the variables of climate change and these insects shifting and some of the different pest abundances and changes in phenology that we’re going to observe.
Monique: So for codling moth, you’ve worked with codling moth for a lot longer than I have. I mean, I just have started working with it in the lab in the past year. So I guess another question I have is how different do you think codling moth populations are at sort of a metapopulation level and like in an orchard-level scale in terms of pressure? Do you think that you can have traps at one place, you know, let’s say in the county, and it be predictive for the entire county? Or do you think that we really need to have traps at each location?
Kevin: I personally think that, and I’m basing this off my knowledge in Virginia especially, which has a very, you know, we have mountain regions, we have, you know, coastal regions, and then we have plain areas. But in Virginia, in the mountains, even where we are in Winchester, I strongly recommend local. And in fact, even the degree day models, I do push out a little notification saying we’ve accumulated this many degree days at our station. But what that means for a grower down the road 10 miles, that’s in a different environment, on a mountaintop versus down south, not in a mountaintop. I don’t know, there’s no way for me to interpret that map. So we have seen a lot of the growers that have the ability, are putting in their own local weather stations on their orchard so that they know exactly because of this variation in a lot of the predictions. And they, even if they have orchards that are spaced out in the county or in different, really different locations, different habitats, different elevations, they’re putting in additional weather stations. So I think it’s very local.
Monique: And what do you think about codling moth this year? Do you think there’s been more pressure than usual? Do you think your trap captures have been tracking pretty much normal? I think up here we’ve seen a bit more than an average year and maybe that has to do with the mild winter. Any thoughts on that?
Kevin: So I guess just as a snapshot, we do a lot of monitoring on station and throughout the state. And overall this year, I would say we are earlier. That’s the most noticeable. Our biofix can look at Chris Berg’s data. He has it for 20 years when these, when these biofixes occurred. It does seem like we’re getting earlier by several weeks now, sort of as a standard. As far as pressure, I haven’t seen too many reports of missed codling moth, you know, management. So I think right now, pressure, all things relatively equal. Drought was the main problem this year. Not so much insects. So I guess, yeah, the most obvious thing, not so much population dynamics difference, but an earlier emergence and that biofix, when they get that first flight, we’re seeing that it’s sort of the biofix. Determining biofix becomes a little more tricky, I think, because you have one moth might come out in a trap because it hit 80 degrees in March and then there’s no moth activity. And the definition of biofix is sustained flight. And of course, there’s a whole bunch of different ways that people might interpret that, but I kind of see activity coming out then stopping and coming out then stopping before, and it’s getting more difficult to definitively say, will this be the peak emergence? Because that window, and that also means they’re possibly laying some eggs and we’re going to miss those that are mated and won’t hit the peak break. There’s a lot to be determined still, unfortunately.
Monique: So there’s also been a lot of buzz, I think, along the eastern seaboard about trap captures for mating disruption, not necessarily correlating with end of season damage. Do you have any thoughts on that? We’ve certainly seen in our mating disruption trials where we may have a lot of captures, but then we go and look at infield damage and we don’t actually have the damage to match the trap captures.
Kevin: Right. And I think that I’m hesitant to always use trap captures unless the math has been really worked out, which is unusual for most insects to determine population. It might just mean active and you need to go scout. That’s really what it’s telling you, especially with codling moths. So as far as population captures and trap captures being related to damage. Yeah, I don’t see it.
Monique: So, the correlation between infield damage and trap captures, there’s a disconnect there.
Kevin: Yes.
Monique: Why do we think that is? Is that just because the pheromones are bringing them to the traps and they’re not necessarily going to the fruit and mating?
Kevin: I mean, I’m going to guess it has to do with the competitive nature of the mechanism for codling moth mating disruption. Right. So the males are basically, they don’t get overwhelmed. They can read the cues, but they spend a lot of time false trail following or looking for females, but they do find those traps. So maybe the, like, maybe that trap was in a really nice overwintering location that trap captures caught initial maybe. Maybe it’s on a, based on abiotic conditions, maybe that was warmer and that’s where they were coming out and you caught a lot. But that’s why we do multiple traps if you can. Right. If you have five acres, maybe one trap can get you by. But anything bigger than that, you’re going to want multiple traps. I would say five on the edges and one in the center. And that’s why we have replications, because one area can misguide you on damage.
Monique: I always think it’s fun to remind the growers of the difference between, say, oriental fruit moth and codling moth in terms of mechanism for mating disruption. So you just described competitive really well. So what’s non-competitive?
Kevin: It’s really kind of cool that the mating disruption actually can express its way to individual species in different ways. And the states simply with oriental fruit moth and some of the other species, instead of just the males being overloaded and confused with the mass amount of pheromones that they can’t locate the specific female, that’s competitive. In non-competitive, their sensory receptors are overloaded. It might be a poor analogy, but if you ever have driven through a city that has a paper mill or something, and at first when you drive in, you’re like, wow, the whole place smells like paper mill. But if you spent, if you stopped for dinner there and you’ve been there a few hours, you don’t really smell it anymore. And I sort of think that that’s the analogy of the mating disruption for the oriental fruit moth. They aren’t going to be able to detect that pheromone because they’re just kind of overloaded with the pheromone that is being emitted from the synthetics. Now if they leave the orchard and they get cleaned out with clean air and they come back, they’re ready to go to follow. Yeah, that’s my maybe basic explanation.
Monique: Yeah. It’s kind of like, you know, if you have a dog and then you become paranoid that you can’t smell the dog smell. So every person that walks through your door, you’re like, hey, does my house smell like dogs?
Kevin: Exactly. Right.
Monique: You’re so used to smelling it. As you know it just being there’s so many point sources that you’re distracted.
Kevin: Right. Yeah, I think that. Yep, that, that sums it up.
Monique: Is there anything else that you want to chat about, about stuff going on in Virginia?
Kevin: Yes, one of the interesting things that really hit home on climate change. When I arrived in Virginia, you know, I did the typical, I’ve been here two years now and I did the typical, doing surveys. What’s your main pest? In different areas of the state. And really there was a lot of damage that was being, right, it’s hard to identify damage like that’s it, might be a clue, some damage. You’re like, yes, that’s brown marmorated stink bug, I’m pretty sure. But there’s a lot of damage that you can guess if the piercing sucking insect, but I’m not quite sure, maybe. And that’s why you have to scout the field in addition to seeing some of the signs. And we had a lot of damage that was being, and we’ve seen this in extension meetings of you show up with some pictures, even, even entomologists that are like trained will have different, “I think that’s plum cuculio,” “I think that’s mullein bug,” “I think that’s this,” with early season maybe damage. But long story short, we were seeing a lot of damage that was a bit confusing. And we determined finally a lot of help from our extension agents, Grace Monger was key in this, we determined that it was mullein bug. And what the story, we haven’t seen mullein bug damage in Virginia in decades, as far as anyone can remember. And the best guess we have now, if you look at the IPM books, mullein bug is classified as an omnivore, mostly a beneficial insect that eats aphids but it is an omnivore. And what we think is happening is it is waking up from diapause or overwintering earlier and earlier each year, and it goes to those early varieties, and when it’s arriving there, there are no aphid populations. It would prefer to probably eat meat and protein, but those individuals are not there, so then it feeds on the buds and the developing fruit, basically. And that’s why we’re seeing mullein bug damage, because we think it’s a decoupling of the predator and the prey and the whole system because of climate change and milder winters and warmer springs. Now, that’s our best guess. But we do know it is mullein bug damage that we’ve seen, and now we know where to spray and how to spray to take care of it. That’s kind of easy. We have that in the literature. Uh, but it wasn’t a problem before. It hasn’t been a problem in decades at the extent that it has been maybe the last three years in, in Virginia. It has become a very increasing damage across the board in our packing, as you see it. And that’s what we think has happened. So now you really have to key in and monitor, not even monitor, you just need to monitor and spray if you’re concerned about mullein bug, especially for some of those early season varieties.
Monique: Wow, that’s crazy, because I have, that’s not even on my radar as a potential pest, but obviously, it was in British Columbia, so.
Kevin: Yeah, and it was confusing because when you’re looking for damage, it’s not the first thing. It was a little bit rare, and it sort of mimics, you know, at first it’s a little pimples it, but then it sort of changes as the fruit develops. And it looks more forky, like a, more like a piercing damage of a curculio feeding. Pretty confusing and difficult ascertaining what the actual problem was. But we think we figured it out. And again, we have tools. You know, one spray of Assail will knock it out at the right time, but you need to be scouting your fields to know what time that is. So, again, things are changing. Predictive models are changing of what active pests are going to be active in certain years. But we have tools to monitor and to manage these. But scouting is going to be very, very important of when that timing actually happens in your specific location.
Monique: So is there a pheromone trap for those guys, the mullein bug?
Kevin: There is a pheromone trap. I believe. I got to check on that. I think there, you can use yellow sticky cards too, though. You can use a sticky trap. Yeah, I forget there is a trap, I think it’s yellow trap. Yeah.
Monique: Okay. Well, definitely be on the lookout for that because that was not on my radar. But as things heat up and the years get weird from year to year, this might end up being a problem here as well if our sprays are not timed exactly right to capture them.
Kevin: Right.
Monique: Well, Kevin, thanks so much for joining us and it was great speaking with you.
Kevin: You too. Thanks.
State of the State with Dr. Anna Wallis
And now for the state of the state, your weekly roundup of phenology and degree day accumulations from the major fruit production regions of the state. As always, I am Anna Wallis with the New York state IPM program at Cornell, and the information I’ll be sharing has been aggregated from the regional specialists and from my own observations.
Taking a look at August, so far the first couple of weeks, we’ve seen a lot of severe weather, again with more rain and storms. Over the month of July, we had between two to five inches across the state, with the heaviest rainfall primarily in the northeast part of the state, with over five inches recorded in the Champlain Valley. So far in the month of August, we have already had three to four inches in most locations. Some of the heaviest rainfall has been recorded in Geneva, but it has been distributed pretty well across most of the state. This rainfall has significant impacts for washing off pesticide residues, so it’s important to be thinking about recovering and staying protected for late season pests as well as sunburn if you’re using those materials. We’ve also seen a little bit of cracking in fruit that is approaching harvest due to the significant rain. Unfortunately, more severe storms, including hail, was reported in some places in Western New York over the weekend. This was reported in both Wayne and Orleans counties. We’re still continuing to get reports and so we’ll learn more about the impact of those events very soon.
Looking back at the past week, we had more moderate temperatures as compared to the hottest temperatures in the most of the course of July. It was more moderate and rainy, with temperatures in the upper seventies [°F] and low eighties in most places. Rain from Tropical Storm Debbie ranged from two to five inches over the course of the week, with a lot of this on Friday. Geneva had three inches of rain recorded on Friday. The Hudson Valley Research lab had more than one inch on Friday and across the state there was considerable rainfall, particularly in the east part of the state.
Fortunately, the forecast is looking a lot better for this coming week. It is expected to continue to be more moderate and clear with a good chance to recover after all of the rain. The next rainfall and storms in the forecast are not until this weekend. Looking at the long-term forecast, both the 6 to 10 and 8 to 14 day outlook on the NOAA Climate Prediction center are looking at slightly above average temperatures and above average precipitation, and that trend is expected to continue for the rest of the month, continuing with warmer and wetter conditions than average.
Looking at phenology across the state now, we are near or beginning harvest across the state. Estimates are about seven to ten days ahead of average, so be sure to be out looking at fruit sooner than you normally would. Coloring and sizing are going well. The last hand thinning is taking place. We have great or probably more than we need soil moisture at this time, so fruit size should be looking good. There is some summer pruning that’s still happening and reflective fabric being placed underneath rows for people that are working on that. The first maturity reports are being produced by the regional Cornell Cooperative Extension teams, so be sure to be paying attention to those as they’re reporting different varieties approaching harvest. In the Hudson Valley now, stone fruit is continuing to be picked with peaches and plums at peak harvest or just past. The earliest apple varieties are picking now, including Pristine, early Macs, Ginger Gold and early strains of Gala such as Wildfire. In the rest of the state, things are looking similar, maybe a week or more behind that. So things are approaching quickly and people are getting ready for harvest.
Now looking at some upcoming pest events. Apple maggot continues to be an insect of very much importance across the state. We are continuing to get trap captures where we’re monitoring across the state and in many locations those populations are increasing, which is expected after the considerable amount of rainfall that we’ve had especially after the hurricane or tropical storm rainfall that we had the past week, we are expecting that those populations will continue to be higher pressure where apple maggot is present. It is very site specific, so be sure to be looking in your location. For this pest, it’s a good idea to be monitoring and staying protected through the month of August. Just a reminder that at this point in the season, we’re using red spheres coated with tangle foot, the sticky material for traps. This can be coupled with a bait, which is an ammonium acetate or, or apple essence, which is attractive to the insects. And so if you’re using a baited trap, the threshold is five flies per trap. And for unbaited traps, just the red spheres with the tangle foot, the threshold is one to two per unbaited trap.
For codling moth and oriental fruit moth, the NEWA models and the regional specialist reports are indicating that the second generation larval emergence has already occurred at this time. Remembering that that emergence can be identified using trap captures and identifying a biofix or the first moths that are emerging for that second generation. It’s a slight uptick in the moths that we detect during the course of the season. It rarely goes all the way down to zero, so it can be a little bit tricky to pick out. And then you’re targeting your first insecticide application at 200 to 250 degree days base 50 after that first flight of the second generation, and then the second application should be timed 10 to 14 days later. So we’re about in that window now for western parts of the state and the northeast part of the state. Remember, it’s important to be rotating chemistries for the second generation using a different mode of action than you use for the first generation. This insect codling moth can be endemic in the orchard, and so it’s important to be managing resistance by rotating chemistries or modes of action.
We’re continuing to see mites and bronzing from both European red mite and two spotted spider mites in some locations. It’s been a really hot summer with lots of dust early in the season, so these mite populations took off in a few locations very early in the season. So if you’re scouting for these insects, you can be looking for bronzing, which is caused by the rasping feeding of the insects and also for the actual insects themselves. These can be a lot easier to see if you have a hand lens or a 10X magnifier.
Where we’re scouting for woolly apple aphid, we continue to see some active colonies present in a lot of locations. Fortunately, they’ve been knocked down quite a bit by a variety of different management programs. And so we’re seeing good control in a lot of locations where we do see them, they’re typically moving out to the axils of leaves, and so they’re hidden pretty well by those, the junction of the leaf to the stem, and they require really pulling apart the canopy to look for them really well.
Stink bugs are something that we’re getting more reports of and are increasing in our trap captures this week across the state. We’ve seen some damage on peaches in the form of cat facing and on apples, which are slightly depressions in the fruit, that if you cut through them very shallowly in the fruit, you will see sort of some corking underneath the skin. And so we’re seeing a little bit of damage at this time, but it’s overall less significant than it has been in the past in many locations. If you are monitoring, you can be using tedders traps, which are the black pyramid traps. And the threshold for those traps is ten insects per trap per week. You can also be using sticky panels, which are clear sticky panels that are affixed to a post or a stake that the insects can crawl up to get stuck on the trap. And the recommended threshold for those traps is three to four insects per week. Remembering that these insects can move out of other fields where they prefer to feed on soy or corn. And so when those crops are harvested, they can really quickly jump over from the nearby crops. They’re also moving out from woodlands. So a lot of research has shown that they can be very effectively managed by border sprays. And so that might be something that you should consider if you have stink bug damage on your or pressure on your farm.
Turning now to some diseases, we are seeing more fruit rots, although not significant amounts of them in most locations. Despite all of the rain that we’ve had, bitter rot is one of the most significant rots we see, especially on thin skin varieties like Honeycrisp. You can be looking for a large circular lesion on fruits with concentric rings, and you can identify bitter rot by the orange fruiting bodies that that typically emerge from those rots. Also, you can cut it in half and see a v shape which is characteristic of that rot. We’re seeing some blossom end rot in some places, and so that’s something to be scouting for as well. Also, moldy core has been present in a few locations. Fruit with this damage typically shows up in the fruit as red or ripening early, so it’s easy to spot. These infections would have taken place just after petal fall, so there’s not a lot that can be done now for this infection. Usually what happens is the fungus moves, some kind of fungus moves into the locules through the flower, and so it’s typically in varieties with a very open sinus, so a cavity from the flower to the center of the fruit. So varieties like Red Delicious and Cortland are much more susceptible.
We’re seeing more sooty blotch and fly speck in unmanaged locations. As expected, with all of the rain, pressure for summer diseases is really high. We’re continuing to see a variety of yellow leaf spotting showing up, either Marssonina, Glomerella, which are two fungal pathogens that can infect the tree, as well as necrotic leaf blotch, which is a physiological disorder that is related to zinc. So all of those three typically show up around this time. If you’re interested in help with diagnosis, you should send pictures to your local extension agent and we’ll be happy to help you with that.
We’ve also continued to get reports of declining trees in some locations. There are lots of reasons for decline to happen in orchard, and so we’re trying to get a better handle on that. Dr. Jason Londo and his graduate student Kenneth are doing work to identify the causes of decline, and so we encourage you to submit a survey response to their survey so we can identify where decline is happening and help identify why it’s happening across the state. The link to that survey will be available in the show notes.
And now here are the current degree days of the major fruit producing regions of the state. Throughout the season, we’ve been aligning this information with previous work done by Art Agnello related to McIntosh phenology and degree day base 43 Fahrenheit. From January 1 to August 12, the accumulated degree day base 43 was in Geneva, 3027; Highland at the Hudson Valley Research Lab, 3254; Clifton Park, 3083; Peru, 2717; Medina an inland 2944; Appleton North, a lake site 2783; Fairville, the Apple Shed and inland site, 2892; and Williamson, a lake site, 2946.
As always, this table of degree day accumulation, rainfall and upcoming pest events are available in the show notes.
That’s all for now, and good luck until next week.
| Phenology & DDs for NY NEWA Stations from 1/1 – 8/11 | ||
| Station | DD Accumulation | Rainfall (in) |
| Geneva | 3027 | 4.27 |
| Highland (HVRL) | 3254 | 2.40 |
| Clifton Park | 3083 | 3.32 |
| Peru (Forrence) | 2717 | 2.92 |
| Medina – Inland | 2944 | 0.65 |
| Appleton North – Lakeside | 2783 | 0.77 |
| Fairville (The Apple Shed) – Inland | 2892 | 2.03 |
| Williamson (DeMarree) – Lakeside | 2946 | 2.66 |
Phenology & DDs for NY NEWA Stations from 1/1 – 8/11
Station || Stage || DD 43F || Rainfall (in)
Geneva || fruit sizing || 3027 || 4.27
Highland (HVRL) || fruit sizing || 3254 || 2.4
Clifton Park || fruit sizing || 3083 || 3.32
Peru (Forrence) || fruit sizing || 2717 || 2.92
Medina – Inland || fruit sizing || 2944 || 0.65
Appleton North – Lake || fruit sizing || 2783 || 0.77
Fairville (The Apple Shed) – Inland || fruit sizing || 2892 || 2.03
Williamson (DeMarree) – Lake || fruit sizing || 2946 || 2.66
*all DDs Baskerville-Emin, B.E
Upcoming Pest Events
Pest/Phenology Event || DD Base 43˚F || Approx. Date
Apple Maggot Traps Set Out (in orchard) || 1-Jul”
ERM Sample – 5.0 mites/leaf || 1-Jul
Comstock mealybug tape traps set out || July 1 (ENY), July 15 (WNY)
OFM – 2nd flight starting || 1180* ± 136* || 29-Jun ± 5 days
OBLR Summer Gen. 1st Sample || 10-Jul ± 5 days
STLM Summer Gen. 1st Sample || 9-Jul ± 7 days
RBLR – 2nd flight starting || 1367 ± 105 || 29-Jun ± 6 days
AM – 1st catch || 1509 ± 285 || 4-Jul ± 12 days
Lesser peachtree borer – peak catch || 1234 ± 470 || 25-Jun ± 19 days
STLM – 2nd flight peak || 1563 ± 207 || 6-Jul ± 8 days
Codling moth – 1st flight ending || 1557 ± 262 || 6-Jul ± 12 days
Peachtree borer – peak catch || 1579 ± 465 || 7-Jul ± 19 days
Lesser appleworm – 2nd flight starting || 1768 ± 339 || 14-Jul ± 12 days
OFM – 2nd flight peak || 1450* ± 147* || 11-Jul ± 9 days
American plum borer – 2nd flight starting || 1850 ± 290 || 16-Jul ± 11 days
RBLR – 2nd flight peak || 1721 ± 232 || 13-Jul ± 7 days
San Jose scale – 2nd flight starting || 1804 ± 170 || 15-Jul ± 8 days
Codling moth – 2nd flight starting || 1887 ± 313 || 20-Jul ± 13 days
Dogwood borer – peak catch || 1611 ± 226 || 8-Jul ± 10 days
STLM – 2nd flight ending || 2167 ± 177 || 28 Jul ± 8 days
American plum borer – 2nd flight peak || 2290 ± 285 || 1-Aug ± 8 days
OFM – 2nd flight ending || 2044* ± 233* || 31-Jul ± 7 days
ERM Sample – 7.5 mites/leaf || 1-Aug”
Cherry fruit fly traps in || 1-Aug
San Jose scale – 2nd flight peak || 2312 ± 174 || 3-Aug ± 9 days
Apple maggot – peak flight || 2394 ± 247 || 6-Aug ± 10 days
Codling moth – 2nd flight peak || 2327 ± 349 || 6-Aug ± 13 days
RBLR – 2nd flight ending || 2419 ± 273 || 7-Aug ± 10 days
STLM – 3rd flight starting || 2420 ± 196 || 6-Aug ± 7 days
Comstock mealybug – 2nd gen. crawlers emerging || 2429 ± 195 || 8-Aug ± 12 days
OBLR –2nd flight starting || 2413 ± 201 || 7-Aug ± 9 days
OFM – 3rd flight starting || 2275* ± 290* || 9-Aug ± 9 days
Lesser appleworm – 2nd flight peak || 2607 ± 463 || 15-Aug ± 23 days
RBLR – 3rd flight starting || 2715 ± 214 || 19-Aug ± 10 days
STLM – 3rd flight peak || 2755 ± 222 || 19-Aug ± 9 days
OFM – 3rd flight peak || 2625* ± 137* || 27-Aug ± 12 days
*Base temperature for OFM 45F
Apple Tree Decline Survey
Apple decline research is hindered by an incomplete understanding of where it is occurring and what its symptoms look like on different rootstock/scion combinations. Please consider taking this survey, even if you haven’t observed apple decline in your orchard blocks! Your participation will help drive research focus in the right direction and aid in the creation of informative extension documents. https://forms.gle/NpRkDEZmTB6EPUh98
Virtual Orchard Scout Training #1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtyOWCL1Q2A
Virtual Orchard Scout Training #2
https://www.youtube.com/user/NYSIPM
Berry Pest Monitoring Network – NEW Blog!
https://blogs.cornell.edu/berrypests/
Quick Guides for SWD Management
https://fruit.cornell.edu/spottedwing/management/
https://fruit.cornell.edu/spottedwing/
NOAA NWS Storm Prediction Center
https://www.spc.noaa.gov/
U.S. Drought Monitor
https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?Northeast