Search Results for: aquavet

Fishy Adventures – AQUAVET® Edition

  By Hery Rios-Guzman • October 3, 2021 Uncategorized

I want to be an aquatic veterinarian when I grow up. And no, that doesn’t mean that I just want to work with fishes. Well, at least not entirely. Aquatic veterinary medicine is not so much a field within veterinary medicine, but a completely parallel entity. In other words, there is an aquatic veterinary job for every terrestrial veterinary job. And that means that there is more to aquatic animal medicine than “just fishes.” For example, production animal vets are akin to aquaculture vets, whereas zoo/wildlife vets are typically mirrored by aquarium veterinarians. And there are plenty of other examples, too! Isn’t that super cool?!

You may be wondering how the heck you’ve never heard of any of this. Truth be told, the lack of exposure to aquatic animal health is a real problem within veterinary curricula nationwide. Granted, it would be very hard to cram even more information into an already packed curriculum. Hope is not lost, however! There are various extracurricular courses that you can take advantage of if you feel like aquatic animal medicine is for you. MARVET, SeaVet, and AQUAVET are just some of these amazing opportunities. All three are very different in terms of length, cost, and location, but they will undoubtedly expose you to the amazing world of aquatics. I know that AQUAVET did so for me.

AQUAVET is a summer program that is open to veterinary students (and veterinarians) from all over the world. It consists of three courses, AQUAVET I – III, each of which is focused on a particular aspect of aquatic veterinary medicine. AQUAVET III is dedicated to clinical aspects of marine mammals, while AQUAVET II is focused on the histology and histopathology of various aquatic species. The course I was fortunate to take this past summer,  AQUAVET I, is a one-month crash course on all things aquatic. It provides information on the anatomy, pathology, husbandry, and clinical aspects of a plethora of aquatic animals. From invertebrates like jellyfish and corals to vertebrates like sea turtles and marine mammals, AQUAVET I does it all! In addition to learning about these animals, I also learned important diagnostic techniques, such as fin clips, venipuncture, necropsies, and gill endoscopies. To finish it all off, I got to perform supervised surgery on a fish!

As you might imagine, there is absolutely no way that all of this can occur in a one-month time frame and not be a tremendous amount of work. Believe me when I say it is! With ten-hour workdays, five days a week (and some work on Saturdays, too), it’s a LOT of work. Fortunately, AQUAVET I isn’t all work and no fun. In fact, it feels just like summer camp for fish nerds! I got to meet amazing people from veterinary schools all over

 

 the United States and beyond. When we weren’t studying, my AQUAVET cohort and I were playing volleyball on the sand courts, enjoying the breeze of the Rhode Island shores, or enjoying one of the many social activities that were part of AQUAVET. It was truly amazing to make connections with students who get as excited as I do when someone so much as mentions something remotely aquatic-related. AQUAVET truly made me feel like I finally found my people.

In addition to networking with students, I got the chance to meet many incredible lecturers. In fact, it’s common for there to be more lecturers than students during AQUAVET I. I received lectures from government officials, aquarium and aquaculture veterinarians, and veterinarians who have created their own jobs. The best thing about having so many lecturers come in, coupled with the fact that this field is so small, is that they all want to see you succeed. I even got a letter of recommendation from one of the professors at AQUAVET that allowed me to win a scholarship!

All in all, AQUAVET I was an amazing experience that I will cherish for years to come. It provides the opportunity to obtain aquatic animal resources and develop clinical skills related to all types of animals while building relationships with like-minded people. Without a doubt, AQUAVET has made me a more resilient veterinary student, one who is better prepared for a future as an aquatic veterinarian.

Hery Ríos-Guzmán, Class of 2024, obtained his Animal Science/Pre-Vet degree from the University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez. The island environment in which he grew up influenced his professional interests and put him on the path to aquatic veterinary medicine. He has special interests in conservation medicine and hopes to use his knowledge to improve coral reef health around the world.

Tales from Aquavet: Invertebrates

  By kso27 • September 26, 2018 Uncategorized

 

An unidentified crustacean viewed under a light microscope

This summer I had the amazing opportunity of being a part of the AQUAVET I program at Roger Williams university in Rhode Island. In those four weeks I got to see some breathtaking things ranging from porpoise necropsies to New England costal sunsets. I learned a lot about many aquatic creatures, their anatomy, ecology and clinical techniques used and I loved every moment of it. Although fish and aquatic mammals seem like they would have been the stars of the show, in my mind it was the many invertebrates we encountered that stimulated my interest the most. Like many others, I didn’t know much about invertebrates before coming to AQUAVET, nor did I think about the role they play in aquatic ecosystems.

An unidentified hermit crab

Interestingly enough, after the administrative lectures were finished, the first thing we started with was invertebrate biology. Starting with basic ecology and Identification of Bivalvia, we quickly moved into the anatomy and physiology, which in some ways is similar to that of vertebrates but also very very different (for some cool anatomy look up “crystalline style”). These lectures were led by our co-course director, parasitologist, bivalve enthusiast, and amateur (in my opinion professional) bartender Dr. Robert Maze, who then led a lab where we were able to dissect specimens to further understand the anatomy.  Learning all of this inspired me to think more about the role that invertebrates and invertebrate health play in both the ecosystem and in our daily lives through the food we consume. Often it is easy to forget that animals so different from us also get sick and this was a great reminder that as a veterinarian we are committed to improving the health and wellbeing of all animals. We continued through the first part of the week learning more about the many aquatic invertebrates from worms to cephalopods to starfish culminating in a day long lab where we were able to collect, observe, identify (and eventually release) many native aquatic invertebrates from the local beach during low tide. Although this marked the end of the invertebrates unit, we still discussed invertebrates many more times especially in lectures about food and food safety.

A purple sea urchin, Arbacia punctulate, found during the invertebrate collection lab

When one thinks seafood, obviously a nice salmon filet or a tuna steak comes to mind, but you also think about oysters, crabs, shrimp, lobster, squid, and maybe even sea urchins if you can stomach that. Many of these animals are commercially fished and farmed but rarely do we think about their health. Interspersed throughout the rest of AQUAVET we had lectures which discussed more applicable and clinical topics affecting invertebrates such as major diseases of shrimp and bivalve farms, husbandry of bivalves, food safety concerns regarding uncooked or incorrectly kept seafood. We also got to participate in labs where we learned about how to draw hemolymph on a suite of inverts as well as interpret hematology slides. One of the last encounters we had with invertebrates was on our field trip to the Long Island Aquarium where we had the opportunity to see an amazing coral reef tank and had a lecture on corals and the history of the aquarium, we even got to propagate our own corals!

When looking back at my time at AQUAVET, learning about invertebrates was probably one of the most exciting parts because there was so much new stuff to learn. I hope this article has piqued your interest in invertebrate medicine and will make you want to learn more about their biology and health.

 

CLICK HERE to learn more about the AQUAVET® program.  CLICK HERE to see our other posts about AQUAVET®.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Kwamina Otseidu, class of 2021, graduated from Michigan State University with a B.S. in Environmental Biology/Zoology. He has an interest in Aquatic Animal Medicine and Pathology.

AQUAVET: A Quest in Understanding Aquatics in a Very Efficient Timeframe

  By Wildlife Blog Editor • November 15, 2017

AQUAVET students in Woods Hole, MA – June 2017.

First, let’s clear the air. Err, water. Yes, you can do surgery on a fish.  No, fish surgery doesn’t happen underwater.

I’m Jason Sifkarovski, a second year vet student interested in zoo and conservation medicine.  Naturally, these encompass aquatic medicine, but it can be tough to find such opportunities within a traditional curriculum.  This past summer, I joined fellow Cornellians, veterinary students, and veterinarians from around the world in AQUAVET®, a month-long course in aquatic animal medicine.

AQUAVET® was first taught in Woods Hole, MA over 40 years ago as a joint venture between Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania.  Today, the course’s faculty boasts an impressive list of dozens of alumni and other professionals who all migrate to its current home at Roger Williams University in Bristol, RI.  I expected my fair share of fish facts, but I was blown away by the breadth of the curriculum.  Invertebrates, birds, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals were all covered; we dove into natural history, anatomy, and physiology before flowing into species-specific disease, diagnostics, and treatment.

Our first lab had us collecting invertebrates in the intertidal zone for viewing under dissecting microscopes. A super up-close sea star is a sight to see!  Oysters, clams, and crabs kicked off the first of our dissections, followed by fish.  Starting the course off with invertebrates and shellfish made me quickly realize aquatic medicine extends far beyond aquariums and conservation. Invertebrates in veterinary medicine may sound fishy, but become much more relevant when considering the billions of dollars wrapped up in shrimp farming alone. Aquaculture’s share in global food production is rapidly rising, and veterinarians will become increasingly important to ensure food safety and sustainability, just as they are for more traditional food production.

For each species group we studied, lectures were followed by diverse selections of specimens for necropsy and histopathology.  Lectures and labs were led by veterinarians in government, aquariums, research and industry, and even private practice.  Each tied their experiences into the topics they discussed, contextualizing the relevance of each species and the current state of medicine.  For example, we realized there were more species of fish in our lab than there are legal antibiotics for fish in the United States.  That’s a sobering thought for a medical professional, but it did hammer home the idea that much work needs to be done in this relatively young field.  By the end of the course, we had necropsied sharks, skates, turtles, crocodiles, ducks, gulls, and more.  That’s a lot to take in for even the most fervent zoologist, but every day felt fresh and reinvigorating.

Beluga whale at Mystic Aquarium awaiting further instruction (or fish).

Despite all the time spent in the classroom, field trips got us outside of our bowls as well.  We explored different types of aquaculture production systems with tours of fish hatcheries, and traveled to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute to learn about aquatics research, and to conduct necropsies of dolphins and seals – a messy endeavor, but certainly the one I had anticipated the most.  My favorite trips, however, were the aquarium visits.  We performed penguin physical exams at the Long Island Aquarium, a private institution home to one of the world’s biggest reef tanks.  We toured the New England Aquarium, home of the aptly-named Giant Ocean Tank and several floors of exhibits.  Veterinarians at Mystic aquarium brought us along for beluga whale feedings (they’re trained to take a gastric tube for stomach content sampling!) and their reality TV-themed sea lion show, which puts a twist on education and helps visitors connect with, and retain, important messages about conservation.  Given how zoos and aquariums have come under fire for captive marine mammal programs, I was particularly interested in how these institutions conveyed their conservation and educational messages to the public.  These institutions serve to not only provide a safe and healthy environment for their own animals, but also conduct research and lead massive, publicized conservation efforts to provide for those in the wild.  By keeping the public engaged through fun, yet educational, demonstrations like sea lion shows, they slowly but surely help the public feel involved in conservation themselves.

Performing a splenectomy on trout.

The highlight of the course was our surgery lab.  We practiced suturing and dosing anesthesia in the days leading up to the main event: splenectomies and ovariectomies on trout. Since fish use their gills for gas exchange, powdered anesthesia is typically administered to water which may then be washed over the gills and recirculated using pumps; this means the entire fish can be held out of water for the duration of surgery.  We worked in teams to calculate doses, administer anesthesia and analgesia, excise organs, and suture the incision closed.  I quickly learned that fish scales provide a whole new challenge for blood draws, injections, and suturing.

When I arrived at RWU, I anticipated a course focused mostly on captive animal medicine and husbandry with some emphasis on conservation. Four weeks later, however, we had also covered aquaculture, public health, toxicology, private fish practice and trade, and countless other topics.  Of course, each of these topics ties in to conservation, and I never anticipated how many extra tools I would come away with.  In all its breadth, aquatic medicine suddenly felt so much more expansive, yet being taught by so many connected people made it feel accessible and intimate. I befriended terrific students who made me genuinely excited to start each day, and I can’t wait to see how many of these new friends will be teaching the course down the road.  AQUAVET® provided even more than I wanted, both personally and professionally, and it can surely do the same for anyone else willing to get their feet wet.

The sea lion star of the show at Mystic Aquarium in Connecticut.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Jason is a second-year veterinary student at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. He previously graduated with a Master’s Degree in Microbiology & Immunology from the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry.  Jason is pursuing a career in clinical zoo and conservation medicine while also maintaining interest in government and policy.

Aquadocs: An Aquatic Medicine Podcast

  By Michelle Greenfield • February 24, 2021 Uncategorized

While every good veterinary student learns the basics for dogs, cats, horses, and cows, there are usually few (if any) courses specifically focused on aquatic animals. Since before I can remember, all I have wanted to do is study and work with the animals that call the sea their home. Therefore, as someone who intends to pursue a career in aquatics, I am constantly searching for new learning opportunities to expand my understanding of aquatic medicine. As I scoured the internet looking for resources, I realized, there honestly aren’t very many places to look. Sure, there are textbooks and journal articles, and the occasional short summer course (shout out to AQUAVET which is an incredible summer program sponsored by Cornell), but manuscripts are often dense, and courses can be quite expensive. I am fortunate that Cornell offers a few courses in aquatic animal health—namely Fish Health Management and Anatomy and Histology of Fish—but these courses only touched the surface of all that there is to learn. They cover topics such as common diseases in fish and marine mammals, how to properly monitor water quality in an aquarium, and how to perform a fish necropsy. While these are important lessons for a career in aquatics, I wanted to learn beyond the scope of these courses. 

Based off this desire to deepen my own knowledge of aquatic medicine along with lots of encouragement from some incredible Cornell faculty members, namely Dr. Rod Getchell and Dr. Jorge Colon, Aquadocs was formed. Aquadocs is the #1 podcast focused on aquatic medicine and is a top 50 life sciences podcast. On each episode, I interview veterinarians and other aquatic animal health professionals about their careers in the field, what research they are working on, and conservation projects they are involved with. My guests also share lots of advice and guidance for aspiring students interested in pursuing the field of aquatic medicine. Some of the most important advice I have received is that there is no one right path to success in this field, and that having a strong support network and mentorship is key. 

I publish new episodes every Tuesday. Here are some of my favorite episodes I recorded (links in episode title): 

Baby Beluga: How do you prepare for a baby beluga? Tune in as Dr. Chelsea Anderson, Georgia Aquarium Associate Veterinarian, describes her experience working with beluga whale Whisper and calf Shila born in May 2020.

The Astronaut Vet: Dr. Rick Linnehan, the first veterinarian in space, discusses what it is like to be a NASA astronaut, and describes his journey from being a veterinarian for the Navy’s Marine Mammal Program to being amongst the stars (literally).

Stethoscopes for Dolphins: What does a dolphin’s heart sound like? And how can you use a stethoscope in the water to hear it? Listen as Dr. Barb Linnehan, Deputy Director of Medicine at the National Marine Mammal Foundation, discusses her recent research article about bottlenose dolphin heart health.  

Manatee Medicine: Every good vet student knows about cows… But what about SEA COWS? Tune in this week as we talk to Dr. Mike Walsh, a Veterinarian at the University of Florida, about Manatee health assessments. Every year, he and his colleagues visit Manatee breeding grounds to monitor these populations and ensure the animals are in good health. 

By hosting and producing this podcast, I hope to teach listeners about aquatic animal health and inspire people around the world to care more about animals and the environments they live in. I want this podcast to be a resource for anyone who is interested in learning about aquatics and a place where people can come together to connect with others passionate about a similar aspect of veterinary medicine. Developing Aquadocs has been an incredible journey so far, and I know it is going to continue to grow for years to come! 

If you are interested in learning more about Aquadocs, please check out the episodes, which are available on your favorite podcast streaming services (Apple, Spotify, Google) and at www.aquadocspodcast.com. I also post a lot of photos and advice for vet students on Instagram, so please follow us on Instagram and facebook @aquadocspodcast.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Michelle Greenfield, class of 2023, is the producer and host of Aquadocs, the #1 podcast on aquatic medicine and a top 50 life sciences podcast. She has a degree in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from Princeton University. Michelle has interned and volunteered at a number of organizations including the US Navy’s Marine Mammal Program and Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, Dolphin’s Plus, Hubbs SeaWorld Research Institute, and SANCCOB. Her research interests focus on bottlenose dolphin social behavior as well as regenerative medicine in horses and marine mammals.

Hook, Line, and Suture: Fish Surgery 101

  By Christopher Payne • August 29, 2018 Uncategorized

Chris Payne (’21) performing his first fish surgery during AQUAVET® I.

Usually, when vet students scrub in to perform surgery for the first time, it’s to spay or neuter a dog or cat. For me, that wasn’t the case. My first scrub in, and my first (group) surgery, was for a splenectomy in a fish. Yes, that’s right—a fish. Fish surgery is just one of the amazing opportunities provided by AQUAVET® I, a four-week summer program that teaches students about aquatic medicine, a topic that’s not part of the core veterinary curriculum. As someone who had absolutely zero surgery experience, and even less experience working with fish, I was a mess of nerves and excitement. Thankfully, the faculty were there with us every step of the way, making sure that our surgeries went smoothly.

The surgery started as all surgery starts, with induction. Inducing a fish is actually pretty simple: after determining what concentration of anesthetic you needed to induce, you add a one-to-one mixture of MS-222 (the only anesthetic currently approved for use in finfish) and sodium bicarbonate to an induction tank. Once dissolved, you add the fish and wait for the anesthetic to kick in. Like most animals, fish will begin to slow down their movements and breathing once they’ve been induced. To monitor a fish’s breathing, we look at its opercular movements. The operculum is the flap of skin over the gills, and its movement indicates the fish’s respiratory rate. Once the fish has started operculating very slowly and doesn’t respond to being touched or grabbed, it’s safe to transfer them to the surgery set up.

Viscera of a bony fish.  The ovaries would be located in approximately the same location as the testes in this diagram.  Image source: Gratzek, J. B. (1992). Fish anatomy, physiology, and nutrition. Morris Plains, N.J.: Tetra Press.

Our surgery set up was pretty simple: a spay pack, a plastic trough, two large plastic tubs, and a lot of plastic tubing. The fish that I was about to operate on was placed in the trough, where the plastic tubing was inserted into her mouth to keep water flowing over her gills (so she could still get oxygen). That tubing split off via two valves, and each of the two branches lead to one of the tubs. One tub was full of regular seawater, and the other was full of MS-222 solution at a maintenance concentration. This allowed my surgical team to switch between regular seawater and anesthetic, to keep our fish at the desired level of anesthesia. We also injected our patient pre-operatively with ketoprofen, an NSAID, for pain management.

Once our patient was knocked out, it was time to start surgery. The surgery was the same as any other organ removal surgery; once we opened our patient, we located the spleen, isolated it from the surrounding connective tissue and arteries, and then ligated it and removed it. We also performed an ovariectomy (removing the ovaries), which was a little harder than removing the spleen. The ovaries of a fish straddle the colon, so we had to thread one of the ovaries under the colon, so that the two ovaries were on the same side. Once there, we simply ligated the ovarian blood vessels, and then removed the ovaries!

Recovering our fish from anesthesia involved completely shutting off the flow of water from the anesthetic tank, and placing her in clean seawater. We expedited the fish’s recovery by (gently!) moving her forward, to increase the flow of water over the gills. At some point the fish had righted herself and maintained that position, which was a good sign that she had recovered!

 

CLICK HERE to learn more about the AQUAVET® program.  CLICK HERE to see our other posts about AQUAVET®.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Chris Payne, class of 2021, is a current student at Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine. Despite growing up mostly in Oklahoma, Chris has always had a deep interest in everything related to the ocean, and hopes to work as an aquarium veterinarian in the future.

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) Curriculum

The DVM Curriculum incorporates Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and hands-on labs to immerse students in active learning, problem-solving, and case-based learning from their very first day.  Read more about the overall DVM curriculum here.

For students interested in Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, a variety of elective courses can be taken during Distribution periods during the academic year, as well as field courses during breaks.  Funding is available for international experiences completed over the summer through Expanding Horizons and Engaged Cornell.

Elective Distribution Courses
– Conservation Medicine (VTMED 6735)
– Veterinary Medicine in Developing Nations (VTMED 6723)
– One Health: Conservation with Communities (VTMED 6743)
– Clinical Management of Native Wildlife (VTMED 6728)
– Veterinary Aspects of Captive Wildlife Management (VTMED 6527)
– Fish Health Management (VTMED 6432)
– Avian Biomedicine and Diseases (VTMED 6565)
– Clinical Aspects of Non-Traditional Species (VTMED 6569)

 

Field courses
Field Techniques of International Wildlife Management (VTMED 6737) – this course allows to travel to Belize to work with the Zoological Medicine faculty at the Belize Zoo. Students have the opportunity to learn about the management of captive wildlife as well as assist with everything from physical exams to dental procedures on many amazing and endangered species. The Belize Zoo is a wonderful organization that has a strong conservation mission.

One Health: Conservation with Communities (VTMED 6743) is offered as a distribution class every spring semester. The class is cross-listed between the veterinary school and the undergraduate Department of Natural Resources. Students in the class can apply for a summer internship program that will allow for them to gain hands-on experience in the field of international species conservation! Four DVM and four undergraduate students from the class are selected for internships. One DVM student and one undergraduate student are paired together to intern at each of the four field sites. Two field sites are in Indonesia, where students partner with organizations like WWF and ALeRT on rhino conservation, while two field sites are in Africa (Uganda and Republic of Congo) where students work on chimpanzee conservation through the Jane Goodall Institute.

AQUAVET is a program in Aquatic Veterinary Medicine offered each summer by Cornell and held at Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island, where students gain classroom and laboratory hands-on experience with aquatic species. AQUAVET I is a 4-week course that serves as an Introduction to Aquatic Veterinary Medicine.  Students may choose to go on to AQUAVET II, a 2-week course on the Comparative Pathology of Aquatic Animals, and AQUAVET III, a 5-week course on the Clinical Aspects of Captive Aquatic Animal Medicine.  AQUAVET also holds a summer fellowship research program at the Fish Diagnostics Laboratory at Cornell, where students spend 8 weeks investigating a selected fish viral disease.

FARVets International is a 501c3 non-profit organization run by Cornell professor Dr. Paul Maza DVM PhD.  FARVets partners with grassroots animal welfare groups in Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Grenada, Nicaragua, and Bulgaria, and brings veterinary students to participate in spay and neuter clinics during school breaks.  FARVets aims to address overpopulation while contributing to education on preventative medicine, pet health, wellness, and the human-animal bond, while giving veterinary students meaningful international experience.

 

During their final year, students have the option of choosing a professional “track”, which helps to guide their clinical year rotations.  The tracks are as follows:

  • Small Animal
  • Large Animal
  • Mixed Animal
  • Zoo/Wildlife
  • Small Animal & Exotics

Students who complete the Zoo/Wildlife/Exotics elective rotation spend their time at the Exotic Pet Service at Cornell University Hospital for Animals, the Rosamond Gifford Zoo, and the Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Health Center.

Ready to Apply?

Apply to the DVM program at Cornell!