1. Industry Overview:
In France, one of the most popular transport modes is train. SNCF is France’s national railway, providing high speed, overnight and local services in France and beyond into Spain, Switzerland and Italy.
>> http://www.tgv-europe.com/en
Types of Train in France:
Railway industry is quite similar to airline industry, as it sells seats for a transport from an origin to a destination. The price depends on journey, class, and date of booking. Thus, railway industry can be placed in Quadrant 2, where its service has variable prices for a predictable duration. This industry also has the appropriate characteristics to apply revenue management strategies. Those characteristics are:
– Inflexible capacity: the number of seats on a train is fixed
– Variable and uncertain demand: the demand is different depending on the time of day, day of week, origin-destination pairs, and purpose of travel
– Perishable inventory: the unoccupied seat cannot be inventoried, and the revenue of that seat is missed
– Low marginal cost and high production cost
– Product can be sold in advance
– Heterogeneous customers with different segments, varying by age, purpose of travel, independent or group, etc.
However, there are some differences that make the revenue management of railway industry is little bit different than that of airline industry.
– More difficult to forecast demand and to have the accurate number of travelers on a service: no check-in procedure, open tickets (rail pass) generally allow passengers to travel on any rail service, walk up tickets are very common (a large number of passengers purchase their tickets on the day from the station)
– Less difficult to deal with overbooking: passengers are often allowed to stand during train journeys hence increasing capacity beyond the number of seats
———
2. Space
Railway industry defines space implicitly.
Normally, a train has two classes: Economy (2nd Class) and Comfort (1st Class). The seating options and services are different for each class. The price is same for different seating options in a class.
Economy Class:
Comfort Class:
Trains, especially TGV has “TGV bar”, which provides a wide selection of meals and sweet snacks available for purchase. Additionally, the TGV bar offers films on DVD, magazines, games for children, Paris Metro tickets, even USB sticks for purchase. There is also a rolling snack cart that comes to the customers’ seats.
For additional revenue, TGV offers Premium service includes 1st Class seat, meal service, and access to the TGV lounge at the train stations.
Personally, I would charge difference fares for different seating options in each class. A group will want to pay more to have a Club 4 seat. A couple will want the Duo seat or Club 2 seat. And an individual traveler will want a solo seat. As the number of seat are fixed, we can charge for each option, rather than a “first comes first served” policy.
I’m also thinking about a mini-cinema on train, especially overnight train. Normally, the overnight train have load factor less than 80%, so the train can use one car to transform into a mini-cinema with a projector and a screen. When the train is busy, the car will be transformed in normal guest car again.
——
3. Time
Railway industry defines time implicitly.
Although the duration of a journey is determined, the railway industry sells a journey rather than specifically selling time. In addition, there may be issues that cause the increase/decrease in duration of the journey.
However, the railway industry also tries to sell time explicitly with the Rail pass. With Rail pass, customers can have unlimited travel on the national rail network of France for a fixed number of days. The choices are 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9-day pass within a one-month period. Travel days may be used consecutively or non-consecutively. Thus, the fare becomes rate-per-day, not anymore rate-per-trip.
>> http://www.raileurope.com/rail-tickets-passes/france-pass/index.html
The industry can sell time explicitly by providing Rail pass with weekly or monthly unit. However, I think it will not be effective as it makes the demand forecasting much more complicated. Half-day unit won’t make sense as a trip is normally more than 3 hours.
——–
4. Price
Tickets can be purchased 60 to 120 days in advance depending on the route.
Ticket discounts are based on advance purchase, availability, and certain restrictions. Everyone is eligible to receive discounted fares by purchasing an Economy or Comfort class ticket in advance. Youth and seniors can enjoy specific discounts as well. Discounted tickets are available for youth (under 26 of age), seniors (age 60 and over) and children (generally ages 4-11) but should be verified with each product.
Price at 1 week before departure
Price at 2 weeks before departure
Price at 3 weeks before departure
Price at 4 weeks before departure
Normally, prices are reduced for 1or 2 week-advanced purchase, slightly reduced for 3-week-advanced purchased, and stay same for more-than-4-week-advanced purchase.
The physical rate fences are the classes:
The non-physical rate fences are age, season ticket, and loyalty
As the rate fences are now already too sophisticated, I would rather consolidate these fences than create new fences to confuse customers.
(-Thao Ly)
——–
References:
http://www.raileurope.com
http://www.tgv-europe.com
http://www.sncf.co.uk/
Amstrong and Messneir, 2010. Railway revenue management: Overview and Methods
Schroeder, Braun, and Schnieder. Revenue management in the railway industry
It’s amazing what they’re doing with price.
What’s also interesting is that when railroads sell multiple day passes, they really don’t know how long people will use them or when they will use them. I would imagine that there’s quite a bit of ‘wastage’ here. How do they manage for this?
How different is the French railway industry from those in other countries? Or, is it pretty much the same?
Wow ! first time i see how reservations are allotted. Thanks
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فرش خوب از نظر زیبایی شناسی
در این مورد فرش خوب کاملا سلیقه ای می باشد
این را همیشه به یاد داشته باشید که فرش ایرانی یک قطعه هنری است. وقتی این گونه به فرشهای پیش روی خود نگاه کنید حتما برای تلاشها و زحمات طراحان، بافندگان و …. هر فرشی احترام قائل خواهید بود. بعد از تصمیم گیری در مورد انتخابفرش فانتزی یا طرح فرش دستباف، و انتخاب نهایی مطمئن شوید از رنگها و همچنین احساسی که در مورد فرش انتخابی خود دارید لذت میبرید. به باز شده فرش نگاه کنید و آن را در دکوراسیون منزل خود تجسم کنید. در اینجا با افتخار اعلام میکنیم که فرش آنلاین این مهم را برای شما فراهم آورده است. شما می توانید بدون دغدغه زمان، رفت و آمد و حتی فروشنده طرح و رنگ مورد نظر خود را از میان مجموعه متنوع و بی نظیر فرش آنلاین انتخاب و مدتها با فراغ بال نگاه کنید تا هیچ شک و تردیدی در خرید خود نداشته باشید. آنچه در ذیل میبینید تعدادی از فرشهای پرفروش و گزیده این مجموعه است. از کارخانه های معتبر داخلی (فرش نگین مشهد، فرش کاشان، فرش ساوین، فرش کودک، فرش مدرن و فانتزی، فرش کرامتیان، فرش برلیان، فرش مهیار دلیجان، فرش مشهد، فرش زمرد مشهد، فرش عرش، فرش شفق تبریز، فرش مشهد اردهال، فرش پاتریس، فرش کناره سجاده مساجد ، بازار فرش ، سجاده ، قیمت فرش ،قیمت فرش دستباف، تابلو فرش دستباف، بازار فرش تهران، قالی، طرح فرش، فرش ابریشم، فرش مشهد، شهر فرش تهران، شهر فرش، گلیم فرش، گلیم، تابلو فرش تبریز و تابلو فرش سفارشی) با بهترین قیمت فرش می باشد.
پیش از تغییر دکوراسیون منزل الگوی رنگی برای خود انتخاب کنید تا به شما در انتخاب سایر رنگهای دکوراسیون کمک کند. این الگوی رنگی باید همه چیز از مبلمان و لوازم و تزئینات گرفته تا رنگ دیوار را شامل باشد، پیشنهاد ما استفاده از فرش سالن اصلی به عنوان شاخص رنگ می باشد. به این ترتیب میتوانید مطمئن شوید فضایی که قصد طراحی دکور آنرا دارید حس و جلوه ای را که دنبالش هستید به بیننده خواهد داد.
ابتدای کار باید وسیله ای از لوازم خانه مثل موکت را که به ترکیب رنگی آن علاقه بیشتری دارید انتخاب(بهتر است فرش باشد) و آن را الگو قرار دهید. این شروعی است برای انتخاب رنگ سایر وسایل. این وسیله دوست داشتنی میتواند تکه ای پارچه، فرش یا گلدانی به رنگ مورد علاقه تان باشد. برخی طراحان برای الهام گیری به طبیعت یا مکانی خاص میروند. ببینید چه چیز حس شما را خوب می کند و به شما انگیزه ی کار می بخشد.
در سایت دکوراسیون فرش آنلاین ما شما را با مباحث زیر بیشتر آشنا می کنیم:دکوراسیون منزل، کابینت آشپزخانه، دکوراسیون داخلی، دکوراسیون، کابینت، مبل، دکوراسیون داخلی منزل، دکوراسیون داخلی منزل کوچک، دکوراسیون داخلی منزل 2017، طراحی داخلی، طراحی داخلی منزل، طراحی دکوراسیون داخلی، طراحی داخلی ساختمان، دکوراسیون آشپزخانه، دکوراسیون داخلی آشپزخانه، طراحی آشپزخانه، دکوراسیون خانه، دکوراسیون داخلی خانه، طراحی خانه، دکوراسیون داخلی منزل ایرانی، معماری داخلی، معماری، طراحی دکوراسیون، دکوراسیون داخلی پذیرایی، دکوراسیون مغازه، ديزاين منزل، دیکوریشن منزل، نمای داخلی ساختمان، طراحی نمای ساختمان، طراحی نما.
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Excellent article. Some very interesting stuff. thanks
What’s also interesting is that when railroads sell multiple day passes, they really don’t know how long people will use them or when they will use them. I would imagine that there’s quite a bit of ‘wastage’ here. How do they manage for this?
Thanks for info, the trains is a world so interesting!
Anabel
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This is a transnational and transcontinental route across the globe
I usually prefer travelling by train a lot. It has numerous advantages. thanks so much for this detailed information.
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